Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: target cells. Target cells are specific cells that have receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to the hormone's signal. These cells are the intended recipients of the hormone's message and carry out the appropriate physiological response. Receptor cells (A) are more general and can refer to any cell with receptors, not necessarily for hormones. Sensor cells (B) detect stimuli but may not necessarily respond to hormones. Secretory cells (C) release hormones rather than respond to them.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This autoimmune condition is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism as it leads to inflammation and destruction of the thyroid gland, resulting in reduced production of thyroid hormones. Graves' disease (A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Toxic multinodular goiter (C) is also associated with hyperthyroidism. TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (D) causes secondary, not primary, hypothyroidism.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing cortisol, a hormone that helps regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. The testes (A) produce testosterone, the ovaries (B) produce estrogen and progesterone, and the hypothalamus (D) regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland but does not produce cortisol directly. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The posterior pituitary stores and releases these hormones, which are produced in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection, while antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because human growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, and glucocorticoids and androgens are produced by the adrenal glands, respectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac Arrest. High magnesium levels in renal failure can lead to cardiac arrest due to the inhibitory effect on neuromuscular transmission and cardiac muscle activity. Magnesium impairs calcium entry into cells, affecting muscle contraction, potentially leading to fatal arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Respiratory paralysis (B) is unlikely as magnesium does not directly affect respiratory muscles. Liver encephalopathy (C) is unrelated to high magnesium levels. Death from hemorrhage (D) is not a typical consequence of elevated magnesium levels in renal failure.