Catecholamine includes following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ephedrine. Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters that include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoprenaline. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine, not a catecholamine. Ephedrine acts by stimulating both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors, while catecholamines specifically act on adrenergic receptors. Therefore, ephedrine does not fit the definition of a catecholamine, making it the correct answer. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoprenaline are all true catecholamines.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hyperglycemia. Beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction (Choice A) by blocking beta-2 receptors, leading to airway constriction. They depress myocardial contractility and excitability (Choice B) by blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart. "Supersensitivity" of beta-receptors (Choice C) can occur upon rapid withdrawal of beta-blockers due to upregulation of receptors. However, beta-blockers typically do not cause hyperglycemia (Choice D) as they may actually mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Tiagabine inhibits the reuptake of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, reducing excitatory effects of amino acids. 2. This mechanism helps prevent seizures by increasing GABA levels in the brain. 3. Ethosuximide is used for absence seizures, not related to amino acids. 4. Lamotrigine blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. 5. Diazepam enhances the effects of GABA but does not directly inhibit excitatory amino acids.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Selegiline. Selegiline is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Phenytoin (A) is an anticonvulsant, not used for Parkinson's. Haloperidol (C) is an antipsychotic, may worsen Parkinson's symptoms. Fluoxetine (D) is an antidepressant, not specific for Parkinson's treatment. Therefore, Selegiline is the most appropriate choice due to its mechanism of action in increasing dopamine levels to alleviate Parkinsonian symptoms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dilatation of the biliary duct. Morphine does not cause dilation of the biliary duct; instead, it can lead to biliary spasm and constriction. Morphine commonly causes constipation by decreasing gut motility, urinary retention by affecting the bladder sphincter, and bronchiolar constriction by acting on the respiratory system. These effects are well-documented pharmacological actions of morphine.