Cancer is now recognized as a genetic disorder that begins with one or more genetic mutations. Which type of cancer is specifically being investigated in this regard?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Colorectal cancer usually results from one or more predisposing genes and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Although tobacco smoke is a known causative factor for lung cancer, an acquired mutation of an oncogene may also be present. Liver cancer is not being investigated in this regarOral cancer may be caused by an inherited mutation of one or more oncogenes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Each pregnancy is an independent event. The risk factor (e.g., one-in-two, one-in-four) remains the same for each child, no matter how many children are born to the family. In a dominant disorder, the likelihood of recurrence in subsequent children is 50% (i.e., one-in-two). An autosomal recessive disease carries a one-in-four chance of recurrence. In disorders involving maternal ingestion of drugs, subsequent children would be at risk only if the mother continued to take the drugs; the rate of risk would be difficult to calculate.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of maternal health issues in the US, understanding the causes of individual irregularities in the ovarian (menstrual) cycle is crucial. Option A, variations in the follicular (preovulatory) phase, is the correct answer. This phase is characterized by the development of the ovarian follicles, which house the eggs. Any irregularities in this phase can directly impact ovulation and subsequently the menstrual cycle. Option B, intact hypothalamic-pituitary feedback mechanism, is incorrect because disruptions in this feedback loop can affect hormone levels but are not the primary cause of individual irregularities in the ovarian cycle. Option C, functioning corpus luteum, is incorrect because the corpus luteum forms after ovulation and is responsible for producing progesterone to support pregnancy if it occurs, but its functioning does not directly cause irregularities in the menstrual cycle. Option D, prolonged ischemic phase, is incorrect as ischemia, which refers to inadequate blood supply, is not a common cause of individual irregularities in the ovarian cycle. Educationally, understanding the menstrual cycle and the key phases is essential for grasping the causes of irregularities and their implications for maternal health. Variations in the follicular phase can lead to menstrual irregularities, highlighting the importance of a balanced hormonal environment for reproductive health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct response, option C, is the most appropriate because it follows the nursing process of assessment. By asking the woman to describe her symptoms, the nurse can gather crucial information to assess the situation effectively. This not only helps in understanding the woman's health concern but also guides the nurse in providing appropriate care and advice. Option A is incorrect because while it provides relevant information about the potential interference of vaginal creams with Pap tests, it does not address the immediate concern of the woman's symptoms. Option B is incorrect as it dismisses the woman's actions without gathering more information or providing guidance on the current situation. Option D is incorrect as there is no immediate need to reschedule the appointment without first assessing the woman's condition. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of thorough assessment in nursing practice. It emphasizes the need to gather relevant information directly from the patient to make informed decisions and provide individualized care. Effective communication and assessment skills are essential for nurses to address patients' concerns promptly and appropriately.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most appropriate response for the nurse in this scenario is option D: "I'll let you touch each instrument that I'll use during the examination as I tell you how it will be used." This response is the best choice because it demonstrates patient-centered care and respects the autonomy and agency of the blind woman. By offering her the opportunity to touch and familiarize herself with the instruments, the nurse empowers the patient to feel more in control of the situation and reduces her anxiety and fear. Option A ("Don't worry. It will be over before you know it.") could be perceived as dismissive and may increase the patient's anxiety by minimizing her concerns. Option B ("Try to relax. I'll be very gentle, and I won't hurt you.") while well-intentioned, may not address the patient's underlying fear and could come across as patronizing. Option C ("Your anxiety is common. I was anxious when I first had a pelvic examination.") lacks the proactive approach of empowering the patient to participate in her care, which is essential in this situation. In an educational context, this scenario highlights the importance of patient-centered care, particularly when working with individuals with unique needs or circumstances. It emphasizes the significance of communication, empathy, and empowerment in healthcare interactions, especially in sensitive situations like pelvic examinations. Nurses and healthcare providers must always prioritize the dignity, autonomy, and emotional well-being of their patients to ensure positive outcomes and experiences.