Cancer cells go through stages of development. What accurately describes the stage of promotion (select all that apply)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Withdrawal of promoting factors will reduce the risk of cancer development. Explanation: The stage of promotion in cancer development involves the stimulation of initiated cells to proliferate and progress towards becoming malignant. Removing promoting factors can halt or slow down this progression, reducing the risk of cancer development. This is a crucial point in cancer prevention and treatment as it highlights the importance of identifying and eliminating promoting factors to control or prevent cancer. Why other options are incorrect: A) Obesity is an example of a promoting factor: While obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, it is not a defining characteristic of the promotion stage. Obesity is more closely linked to cancer initiation rather than promotion. B) The stage is characterized by increased growth rate and metastasis: This statement describes characteristics of the progression stage of cancer rather than the promotion stage. Promotion primarily involves the stimulation of initiated cells to grow and develop further, not necessarily to metastasize. D) Tobacco smoke is a complete carcinogen that is capable of both initiation and promotion: While tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that can initiate cancer development, it is not solely a promoting factor. Tobacco smoke can contribute to both initiation and promotion stages of cancer development. Educational context: Understanding the stages of cancer development is essential for healthcare professionals, especially pharmacologists, as it informs treatment strategies and prevention efforts. By grasping the distinctions between initiation, promotion, and progression stages, pharmacologists can tailor interventions to target specific mechanisms involved in cancer development, thereby improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of a patient at the nadir of chemotherapy, where their immune system is at its lowest point, the highest priority for nursing actions is related to "risk for infection" (Option C). This is because chemotherapy suppresses the bone marrow's ability to produce white blood cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. Patients undergoing chemotherapy are at a high risk of developing infections due to their compromised immune system. Therefore, monitoring for signs of infection, implementing infection prevention strategies, and promptly treating any suspected infections are critical in this situation to prevent serious complications and improve patient outcomes. Option A, diarrhea, while important, is not the highest priority in this scenario as it can be managed symptomatically and is not immediately life-threatening. Option B, grieving, is also important but does not pose an immediate threat to the patient's physical health compared to the risk of infection. Option D, inadequate nutritional intake, is significant for overall health but addressing infection risk takes precedence when a patient's immune system is severely compromised. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the unique needs of patients undergoing chemotherapy and the critical role of the nurse in assessing, prioritizing, and managing care to ensure patient safety and well-being, especially in situations where the risk of infection is high. It reinforces the principle of prioritizing care based on the patient's condition and the potential risks involved.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of this question on serum osmolality changes following a meal, the correct answer is B) No change. Serum osmolality is primarily determined by the concentrations of solutes like electrolytes and glucose in the blood. In this case, the meal consumed by the woman is not likely to significantly alter these solute concentrations immediately after consumption. Therefore, there would be no immediate change in her serum osmolality. Option A) Increased is incorrect because a meal typically does not lead to a sudden increase in serum osmolality, as the body regulates these levels tightly to maintain homeostasis. Option C) Decreased is also incorrect as a meal is unlikely to dilute the blood significantly enough to cause a decrease in serum osmolality. Option D) Unchanged is the correct answer, as explained above. Educationally, understanding the concept of serum osmolality is crucial in pharmacology, especially when considering drug effects on the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. This question helps students apply their knowledge of osmolality changes in different physiological conditions, enhancing their critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills. It also reinforces the importance of understanding how the body maintains osmotic balance in response to various stimuli.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In a patient with chronic kidney disease and hyperphosphatemia, the commonly associated electrolyte imbalance is hypocalcemia. This occurs because elevated phosphate levels bind with calcium, leading to decreased free calcium levels in the blood. This relationship is crucial in understanding the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease. Option A, hypokalemia, is not the correct answer in this scenario because it is not directly related to hyperphosphatemia. Potassium levels are more influenced by factors like renal function and acid-base balance. Option B, hyponatremia, is also not the correct answer. Hyponatremia is an imbalance in sodium levels and is not directly impacted by hyperphosphatemia in the context of chronic kidney disease. Option D, hypomagnesemia, is not the correct answer either. While magnesium levels can be affected in chronic kidney disease, it is not the primary electrolyte imbalance associated with hyperphosphatemia. Understanding these electrolyte imbalances is vital in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease. It highlights the intricate interplay between different electrolytes and how their imbalances can impact overall health. This knowledge is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing optimal care for patients with renal disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Decreases the risk for extravasation at the infusion site. When a patient undergoes chemotherapy for breast cancer through a tunneled catheter, it reduces the risk of extravasation, which is the leakage of chemotherapy drugs into the surrounding tissues. This method ensures that the medication is delivered directly into the bloodstream, minimizing the potential for tissue damage. Option B) Reducing the incidence of systemic side effects of the drug is incorrect because the method of administration does not affect the systemic side effects of the chemotherapy drug. Systemic side effects are related to how the drug affects the entire body, not just the administration route. Option C) stating that tunneled catheters do not become occluded as peripherally inserted catheters can is incorrect. While tunneled catheters may have a lower risk of occlusion compared to peripherally inserted catheters, it is not the primary reason for choosing this method of administration in this context. Option D) Allowing continuous infusion of the drug directly to the area of the tumor is also incorrect. The purpose of a tunneled catheter in this scenario is to deliver chemotherapy into the bloodstream, not directly to the tumor site. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the choice of a specific route of drug administration is crucial in pharmacology. It highlights the importance of selecting the most appropriate method to optimize treatment outcomes while minimizing risks and complications. In the context of cancer treatment, such knowledge is vital for nurses and healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective care for patients undergoing chemotherapy.