Calcitonin is released when Ca++ is at what level?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Calcitonin is a hormone released by the thyroid gland in response to high levels of calcium (Ca++) in the blood. It helps to regulate calcium levels by inhibiting the release of calcium from the bones and promoting its excretion by the kidneys. Therefore, when the Ca++ levels are high, calcitonin is released to lower the calcium levels and maintain homeostasis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Edema. Overhydration leads to an excess accumulation of fluid in the body tissues, causing swelling or edema. This occurs when the body's fluid balance is disrupted, leading to increased interstitial fluid. Hypotension (A) is more commonly associated with dehydration. Dehydration (B) is the opposite of overhydration. Hyperkalemia (D) is an electrolyte imbalance that can occur in dehydration or kidney problems, but it is not a major clinical manifestation of overhydration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs are clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia, characterized by facial muscle twitching and carpal spasm respectively. Hypocalcemia affects neuromuscular excitability, leading to these signs. Hypernatremia (A), hyperkalemia (C), and hyponatremia (D) do not typically present with Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs as they do not directly affect calcium levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is released by the pituitary gland in response to high blood osmolality or low blood volume. 2. Its primary role is to increase water retention by the kidneys by increasing permeability of the collecting ducts to water. 3. This helps in reducing urine output and maintaining body fluid balance. 4. Choice A is correct as increasing water retention is the main function of ADH. Summary: - Choice B is incorrect as ADH does not directly affect sodium excretion. - Choice C is incorrect as ADH does not directly stimulate thirst. - Choice D is incorrect as ADH does not decrease blood pressure directly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer hypertonic saline. In a patient with hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mEq/L), symptoms like headache, nausea, and confusion can indicate severe hyponatremia (<125 mEq/L) with potential for seizures and coma. Hypertonic saline is used to acutely raise sodium levels and treat symptoms of severe hyponatremia. Other options are incorrect because B (oral fluids) can worsen hyponatremia, C (potassium supplements) is not indicated, and D (Trendelenburg position) is not effective for treating hyponatremia.