By what age should the nurse expect an infant to be able to pull to a standing position?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for providing appropriate care and assessing a child's growth and development. The correct answer to the question is C) 11 to 12 months. By this age, most infants should be able to pull themselves to a standing position using furniture or other support. Option A) 6 months is too early for an infant to be able to pull to a standing position. At 6 months, infants are typically just starting to sit without support and are not yet able to bear weight on their legs to pull up. Option B) 8 months is still early for pulling to a standing position. At this age, infants are usually mastering crawling and may start to pull themselves up to a standing position with support but not independently. Option D) 14 to 15 months is too late for this milestone. By this age, most children should already be able to stand and may even be starting to take their first steps. Understanding these developmental timelines is essential for nurses working with infants and young children. It allows them to identify any delays or concerns early on, intervene when necessary, and provide appropriate support and education to parents regarding their child's development. By knowing when to expect certain milestones, nurses can also promote activities and exercises that support healthy development in children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Hot dogs must be cut into small, irregular pieces to prevent aspiration. At 12 months, children are still developing their chewing and swallowing skills, and larger pieces of food like hot dogs can pose a choking hazard. Cutting hot dogs into small, irregular pieces reduces the risk of choking as the child learns to manage solid foods. Option A is incorrect because a 12-month-old child can digest hot dogs, but the concern lies more with the choking hazard rather than digestion. Option B is incorrect as it is not solely about safety but about the appropriate size and texture of the food. Option C is not the best choice as slicing hot dogs into sections may still be too large for a child at this age and doesn't address the irregularity needed to prevent choking. Educationally, it is important for nurses and caregivers to understand the importance of food preparation for young children to prevent choking incidents. Teaching parents about appropriate food sizes and textures can help ensure the safety of their child during meal times. It is crucial to provide this education to promote safe feeding practices and prevent potential choking emergencies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing practice, it is crucial to understand the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system (CNS) to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. Alcohol is a CNS depressant, meaning it slows down brain activity. This is why the correct answer, D) hyperthermia, is the exception among the options provided. Alcohol consumption can lead to impaired judgment, decreased inhibitions, and relaxation, which can result in euphoria (option A). It can also affect cognitive functions, including short-term memory, leading to impaired short-term memory (option B). Furthermore, alcohol can interfere with the body's ability to regulate temperature, potentially causing hypothermia rather than hyperthermia (option D). Educationally, understanding the effects of alcohol on the CNS in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses to recognize signs of alcohol intoxication or overdose. By knowing that alcohol primarily acts as a CNS depressant and its effects on various bodily functions, nurses can provide appropriate care, monitor for complications, and educate patients and families on the risks associated with alcohol consumption.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question about potential adverse effects of Depo-provera, the correct answer is D) weight gain. Depo-provera is a hormonal contraceptive injection containing medroxyprogesterone acetate, which can lead to weight gain as a common side effect. Option A) heavy menstrual bleeding is unlikely as Depo-provera typically causes decreased menstrual bleeding or even amenorrhea. Option B) dysmenorrhea is also unlikely as Depo-provera often reduces menstrual pain. Option C) acne is not a common side effect of Depo-provera. Educationally, understanding the potential side effects of medications like Depo-provera is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working in pediatrics. By knowing these side effects, nurses can educate patients and their families, monitor for adverse reactions, and provide appropriate care and support. It is essential to stay informed about medication effects to ensure safe and effective pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) fraction of inspired O2 0.55. In a preterm baby recovering from RDS on mechanical ventilation, a decreasing need for supplemental oxygen indicates improved lung function and gas exchange. A fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 0.55 is relatively low and suggests that the baby's lungs are able to adequately oxygenate the blood on their own. This is a key indicator that the baby may be ready for extubation. Option A) frequency of respiration 35 is not the most valuable indicator for extubation readiness. While respiratory rate is important, it alone does not provide enough information about the baby's respiratory status and ability to maintain adequate oxygenation. Option C) peak expiratory end pressure 6 and D) inspiratory pressure 8 are related to ventilator settings but do not directly indicate the baby's readiness for extubation. These parameters are more about the support provided by the ventilator rather than the baby's ability to breathe independently. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the significance of various ventilator parameters and blood gas values is crucial for making decisions about respiratory care for preterm infants. Monitoring trends in these parameters helps nurses and healthcare providers assess the baby's progress and determine the appropriate time for interventions like weaning off mechanical ventilation.