Building a tower by a 22-month-old child requires

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Building a tower by a 22-month-old child requires visual-motor coordination, which is why option A is correct. At this age, children are developing their fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination, enabling them to stack blocks to create a tower. Visual-motor coordination involves the ability to process visual information and use it to coordinate hand movements accurately. Option B, using visual and motor skills in combination, is not specific enough to capture the complexity of visual-motor coordination needed for tower building. Gross and fine motor coordination (Option C) involves larger movements of the body and more precise movements of the hands, which are important but not the primary focus when building a tower. Symbolic thought (Option D) refers to the ability to understand symbols and represent objects mentally, which is not directly related to the physical task of building a tower at this developmental stage. In an educational context, understanding the importance of visual-motor coordination in tasks like tower building can help educators and caregivers provide appropriate activities to support children's development in this area. By recognizing the specific skills needed for such tasks, educators can tailor their teaching strategies to promote and enhance children's visual-motor coordination skills effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) seek more history regarding other skills and developmental domains. In this scenario, the child's behavior of inconsolable crying and preferring to play alone may indicate underlying developmental issues or delays. By seeking more history regarding other skills and developmental domains, the healthcare provider can gather more information to assess the child's overall development comprehensively. Option A) reassuring the mother that this is a normal phenomenon may overlook potential developmental concerns and delay appropriate interventions. Option C) referring the mother to pediatric psychiatry may be premature without gathering more information first. Option D) investigating social issues of the family is not the most appropriate initial action when the focus should be on the child's developmental milestones. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of thorough assessment and gathering detailed information when dealing with pediatric patients. It emphasizes the significance of considering developmental aspects in understanding a child's behavior and addressing any potential concerns early on to promote optimal growth and development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of an infant with gastroschisis compared to an infant with an omphalocele, the likelihood of having a history of prematurity is higher. This is because gastroschisis is typically not associated with other congenital anomalies such as congenital heart disease or imperforate anus, whereas omphalocele is often part of a larger syndrome that can include these conditions. Prematurity is a common complication seen in infants with gastroschisis due to the exposure of the intestines to the amniotic fluid, which can lead to poor absorption of nutrients and potential intrauterine growth restriction. Premature birth can also result from the stress placed on the fetus as a result of the gastroschisis itself. Congenital heart disease (Option A) is not typically associated with gastroschisis, making it less likely. Imperforate anus (Option C) is also not directly related to gastroschisis but can occur independently. Option D (N/A) is not a relevant option in this context. Understanding these differences is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers caring for infants with abdominal wall defects. It helps in anticipating potential complications, providing appropriate care, and educating families about the specific needs of their child. This knowledge enhances the quality of care and outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate regimen for perioperative management in children receiving steroid therapy is option C) Hydrocortisone 5 mg/kg IV given 24 and 12 hours before surgery. This is because hydrocortisone is a short-acting corticosteroid that can provide the necessary coverage during the perioperative period without causing excessive immunosuppression or adrenal insufficiency postoperatively. Option A) Prednisone is a long-acting corticosteroid that is not ideal for perioperative management due to its delayed onset of action and prolonged duration of effect. Option B) Dexamethasone is a potent corticosteroid with a long half-life, but it is not the first choice for perioperative management in children due to its potency and prolonged suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Option D) Methylprednisolone is a medium-acting corticosteroid that is more potent than hydrocortisone and may cause prolonged adrenal suppression. In an educational context, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different corticosteroids to make informed decisions regarding perioperative management in pediatric patients receiving steroid therapy. Using the most appropriate corticosteroid regimen can help prevent complications such as adrenal insufficiency and immunosuppression in the perioperative period.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In toddler development, the event essential to their growth according to developmental theories is being potty-trained (Option D). Potty training is a significant developmental milestone as it signifies the child's ability to control their bodily functions and transition towards independence and self-care. Mastering this skill boosts a toddler's self-esteem and sense of accomplishment, laying the foundation for future autonomy. Learning to feed oneself (Option A) is also crucial for toddler development as it enhances fine motor skills and fosters independence. However, in terms of developmental theories, potty training is considered more essential as it involves higher levels of self-regulation and control. Developing friendships (Option B) is important for social development but typically becomes more prominent in the preschool and school-age years. Learning to walk (Option C) is a significant physical milestone, but it is not considered as essential as being potty-trained in the context of overall toddler development. Educationally, understanding these developmental milestones is crucial for caregivers, educators, and healthcare professionals working with toddlers. By recognizing the significance of each milestone, they can provide appropriate support and guidance to promote healthy development in young children.