Building a tower by a 22-month-old child requires

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) visual-motor coordination. At 22 months of age, a child is typically in the stage of early toddlerhood. Building a tower involves the child utilizing both visual perception and motor skills to stack blocks or objects on top of each other. Visual-motor coordination refers to the ability to process visual information and use it to coordinate a physical response, such as reaching, grasping, or stacking. Option B) using visual and motor skills in combination is closely related to the correct answer, but it lacks the specificity of visual-motor coordination, which is the precise skill required for tower building. Option C) gross and fine motor coordination is not directly related to the task of building a tower, as it involves more complex movements that are not as precise as required for stacking blocks. Option D) symbolic thought is not relevant to this particular task as it pertains to the child's ability to understand symbols and represent objects with words or mental images. In an educational context, understanding the developmental milestones and appropriate activities for each age group is crucial for pediatric nurses. By recognizing the specific skills involved in tasks like tower building, nurses can assess a child's developmental progress and provide appropriate interventions or support if needed. Encouraging activities that promote visual-motor coordination can help foster a child's physical and cognitive development during this critical stage of early childhood.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) behavioral insomnia of childhood. Behavioral insomnia of childhood is a common sleep problem in young children where they resist going to bed, exhibit difficulty falling asleep, or have trouble staying asleep. The 4-year-old boy's behavior of refusing to go to bed and remaining active aligns with the characteristics of this condition. Understanding this helps identify the root cause of the behavior, allowing for appropriate interventions and management strategies. Option A) Thyrotoxicosis is unlikely in this case as it typically presents with symptoms related to the thyroid gland's overactivity, such as weight loss, increased appetite, and irritability, rather than just bedtime resistance and hyperactivity. Option B) ADHD could present with hyperactivity and difficulty in settling down, but in this case, the behavior is specifically related to bedtime, making behavioral insomnia a more fitting explanation. Option D) Sleep-onset association disorder involves needing a specific condition to fall asleep, such as needing a parent present. While it could lead to bedtime resistance, the boy's behavior of remaining active is more indicative of behavioral insomnia of childhood. Educationally, understanding common pediatric sleep disorders is crucial for healthcare providers working with children and their families. Identifying the underlying causes of sleep disturbances in children is essential for providing appropriate care and support to promote healthy sleep habits and overall well-being. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of different sleep disorders, healthcare professionals can offer tailored interventions to address the specific needs of each child and family.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding sleep disorders is crucial for providing optimal care to children. The correct answer is D) nightmare because nightmares are not classified as parasomniac disorders. Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Sleepwalking (A), sleep terror (B), and confusional arousal (C) are all examples of parasomniac disorders. Sleepwalking involves walking or performing other complex behaviors while still asleep. Sleep terror, also known as night terrors, involves intense fear, screaming, and thrashing while still in a state of deep sleep. Confusional arousal is a sleep disorder that involves partial arousal during sleep, leading to confusion and disorientation. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to differentiate between various sleep disorders, including parasomnias, to accurately assess, diagnose, and intervene in pediatric patients' sleep-related issues. Understanding the nuances of each disorder helps in providing appropriate education and support to families dealing with these conditions. This knowledge is essential for promoting healthy sleep patterns and overall well-being in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In infants, inferences about vision may be made by physical examination of the eye and assessment of personal-social behavior. Personal-social skills encompass a wide range of behaviors related to interacting with others and engaging in social activities. Visual impairment can significantly impact a child's ability to develop personal-social skills as they may struggle with making eye contact, recognizing facial expressions, and engaging with their environment. Option A, language, is not directly related to assessing vision in infants. While vision plays a crucial role in language development, the assessment of language skills does not provide information about the visual acuity of an infant. Option B, intelligence, is also not directly related to assessing vision in infants. Intelligence is a complex construct that involves cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, and adaptive behaviors. Visual impairment does not necessarily correlate with intelligence. Option C, gross motor skills, are important for assessing physical development in infants but do not provide specific information about their visual abilities. Gross motor skills involve activities like crawling, walking, and running, which are not indicative of visual acuity. Educationally, understanding how to assess vision in infants is crucial for pediatric nurses as it allows for early detection of visual impairments that can impact a child's development. By recognizing the signs of visual impairment early on, healthcare providers can refer infants for further evaluation and intervention to support their visual and overall development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding recommended blood lead levels is crucial in identifying and preventing potential health risks in children. The correct answer is B) 5 to 10 μg/dL, as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. This range is significant because it indicates the level at which lead exposure may start to cause learning problems in children. Option A) 1 to 5¼g/dL is too low to typically cause learning problems according to CDC guidelines. Option C) 10 to 15¼g/dL and Option D) 15 to 20¼g/dL are higher levels where lead exposure is more likely to cause significant health issues beyond just learning problems. In an educational context, it is essential for pediatric nurses to be aware of these specific blood lead level ranges to assess, educate, and advocate for children's health. By understanding the CDC recommendations, nurses can intervene early, provide appropriate guidance to families, and collaborate with healthcare providers to minimize the impact of lead exposure on children's development and well-being.