Buccal phase of swallowing:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the buccal phase of swallowing is a voluntary process where the tongue moves the bolus of food towards the back of the mouth to initiate swallowing. This phase is under conscious control and initiates the swallowing reflex. Choice A is incorrect because the buccal phase is voluntary, not involuntary. Choice C is incorrect because the bolus is moved towards the back of the mouth, not rolled over the front of the tongue. Choice D is incorrect because the movement of food from the pharynx to the esophagus occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, not the buccal phase.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To increase surface area for absorption. Villi and microvilli are tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that greatly increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. This increased surface area allows for more efficient absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because villi and microvilli do not secrete digestive enzymes; rather, they facilitate absorption of nutrients already broken down by enzymes. Choice C is incorrect as villi and microvilli do not transport nutrients to the liver; they absorb nutrients into the bloodstream for circulation to various body tissues. Choice D is incorrect because villi and microvilli do not store excess nutrients; their primary function is absorption.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Obtain a venous blood glucose specimen. This is the appropriate action because capillary blood glucose levels can be inaccurate during PN infusions due to the high glucose content of the PN solution. Venous blood glucose levels provide a more accurate assessment of the patient's glycemic status. Slowing the infusion rate (Choice B) may not address the underlying issue of inaccurate readings. Rechecking capillary blood glucose levels (Choice C) will likely yield the same inaccurate results. Contacting the healthcare provider for infusion rate changes (Choice D) may be necessary but should be based on accurate glucose levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Patient has not voided for the last 2 hours. This is the most important assessment finding to report because it indicates potential acute kidney injury or renal failure, especially in a dehydrated patient. The lack of urine output suggests the kidneys are not functioning properly, which can lead to serious complications. A: Skin dryness and poor turgor are expected findings in a dehydrated patient and may improve with fluid resuscitation. C: Crackles heard halfway up the posterior chest may indicate fluid overload, but the lack of urine output is a more immediate concern. D: 5 loose stools over 6 hours can contribute to dehydration but is not as critical as the lack of urine output indicating potential renal issues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the tongue does not attach to the temporal bone. A is true as the tongue contains skeletal muscle. B is true as the tongue attaches to the hyoid bone. D is true as the tongue contains papillae for taste sensation. The tongue's attachment to the temporal bone is incorrect because it attaches to the hyoid bone and other muscles in the oral cavity for movement and function.