Branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys are called _________.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Renal arteries. Renal arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the kidneys. They play a crucial role in delivering oxygenated blood to the kidneys for filtration and waste removal. Choice A, Renal capsules, are fibrous tissue surrounding the kidney, not blood vessels. Choice B, Ureters, are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, not blood vessels. Choice D, Renal Columns, are extensions of the renal cortex in the kidney, not blood vessels. Hence, C is the correct choice as it directly relates to the blood supply of the kidneys.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that protects amoxicillin from being destroyed by beta-lactamases produced by certain bacteria. This allows amoxicillin to effectively kill the bacteria. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clavulanic acid does not affect renal excretion, directly destroy bacteria, or counteract adverse effects of amoxicillin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because Steven-Johnson syndrome is a severe and life-threatening skin reaction that can occur with certain medications like Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. Once a patient experiences this reaction, they should never be given the same drug again to avoid a potentially fatal outcome. The other choices, GI upset from Clarithromycin, skin rash from Ampicillin, and Clostridium difficile superinfection from Ofloxacin, are adverse reactions that can be managed or treated without completely excluding the drug from future use.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cloxacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic effective against Staphylococci. Staphylococci commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections. Streptococci are not typically treated with cloxacillin. Gonococci are not susceptible to cloxacillin. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as it is the only organism listed that is indicated for treatment with cloxacillin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. This combination is the first-line treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV-AIDS due to its efficacy against the organism. Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, while sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, both essential enzymes for folate synthesis in bacteria and protozoa like P. carinii. Metronidazole (A) is used for anaerobic infections, Carbenicillin (B) is a penicillinase-resistant penicillin used for Gram-negative infections, and Penicillin G (D) is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic mainly used for Gram-positive infections.