Bradykinin causes all the following except

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bradykinin is a peptide that primarily causes smooth muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and pain by binding to its receptors. However, it does not directly cause liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by liver scarring due to various factors like alcohol abuse or hepatitis, not by the action of bradykinin. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Smooth muscle contraction, dilatation of blood vessels, and pain are all known effects of bradykinin based on its physiological functions, making them incorrect choices for this question.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Intravenous or Intramuscular route. Ketamine can be administered via both intravenous and intramuscular routes due to its rapid onset of action and versatility in different clinical settings. Intravenous administration allows for a quick and precise dosing, ideal for surgical procedures, while intramuscular administration provides an alternative for patients who cannot receive IV medications. Option A and B are incorrect as they are limited to only one route of administration each. Option D is incorrect as ketamine can indeed be administered by one of the mentioned routes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Imipramine hydrochloride. Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that is also used to treat childhood enuresis. It works by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain, helping to control the bladder and reduce bedwetting. Imipramine pamoate is a similar drug but is not typically used for enuresis in children. Therefore, choice B is incorrect. Choice C is incorrect because only imipramine hydrochloride is specifically indicated for childhood enuresis. Choice D is incorrect as imipramine hydrochloride is indeed used for this condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Opioid analgesics are primarily used for pain relief by acting on the central nervous system to reduce the perception of pain. They can also help suppress cough reflex, making them useful in some cough suppressants. Opioids can also slow down intestinal motility, which can help alleviate diarrhea. Therefore, the correct answer is D as opioids can provide symptomatic relief for pain, cough, and diarrhea. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass the full range of symptomatic relief that opioids can provide.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Both of the above. Serotonin agonists are used in anxiety management (e.g., Buspirone) due to their anxiolytic effects by modulating serotonin receptors. They are also used in migraine treatment (e.g., Sumatriptan) to constrict blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the brain. Both options are valid clinical uses of serotonin agonists, making choice C correct. Choices A and B alone are incorrect as they only represent one of the clinical uses, while choice D is incorrect as serotonin agonists do have clinical uses.