Bodily symptoms without any physical disease known as_

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Somatoform disorder. This term refers to bodily symptoms that occur without any underlying physical disease to explain them. In somatoform disorders, the symptoms are real to the individual experiencing them but are not able to be attributed to a specific medical condition upon evaluation. This is a key characteristic that distinguishes somatoform disorders from other psychological or physical conditions. Option A) Depressive disorder involves primarily emotional symptoms such as persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and changes in appetite or sleep patterns. While depression can manifest with physical symptoms, they are typically related to the emotional state of the individual. Option C) Hallucination refers to sensory perceptions that are not based on external stimuli, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not present. While hallucinations can be part of certain psychiatric disorders, they are not the defining feature of bodily symptoms without a physical basis. Option D) Dissociative disorder involves disruptions in memory, identity, consciousness, or perception of the environment. While dissociative disorders can sometimes present with physical symptoms, they are not the same as somatoform disorders where physical symptoms are the primary focus without a clear physical explanation. In an educational context, understanding psychobiologic disorders like somatoform disorders is crucial for healthcare providers to appropriately assess and treat patients who present with unexplained physical symptoms. By recognizing the psychological factors contributing to these symptoms, healthcare professionals can provide holistic care and refer patients for appropriate mental health support when needed.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of psychobiologic disorders like schizophrenia, understanding the distinction between positive and negative symptoms is crucial. Positive symptoms involve the presence of abnormal behaviors, thoughts, or feelings not usually present, while negative symptoms involve deficits in normal emotional responses or other functions. In this question, the correct answer is A) Flat affect. Flat affect refers to a reduction in the display of emotions, which is a negative symptom of schizophrenia. It is characterized by a lack of emotional expressiveness, rather than an excess of abnormal behavior or thoughts. Options B, C, and D are examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Formal organization thinking (B) refers to thought disorder, where individuals may have difficulty organizing their thoughts logically. Delusions (C) are false beliefs that are held despite evidence to the contrary. Hallucinations (D) involve perceiving things that are not actually present, such as hearing voices. Educationally, understanding the distinction between positive and negative symptoms is essential for assessing and managing individuals with schizophrenia. Recognizing these symptoms helps healthcare providers tailor interventions and support for patients. It also aids in differentiating between various presentations of the disorder and informing treatment plans to address specific symptom clusters effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Mental wellbeing is not solely about the absence of depression or anxiety; it encompasses a broader state of positive psychological functioning, including emotional, cognitive, and social aspects. Choice A is true as mental wellbeing is multidimensional. Choice C is true as it can be measured individually or across populations. Choice D is likely a typo for 'PERMA,' a model by Martin Seligman, which is a valid framework for assessing wellbeing, making it true. Thus, B is the incorrect statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Specific learning disorder (SLD) involves difficulties with specific academic skills (reading, writing, or math) despite normal intelligence, making B the correct answer. A is incorrect as intellectual disability is a separate condition. C relates more to communication disorders, and D describes ADHD, not SLD.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) the main manifestation is compulsion. This statement is not true about the manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is characterized by symptoms such as re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of triggers related to the traumatic event, negative changes in mood and cognition, and heightened arousal or reactivity. Compulsions are not a primary feature of PTSD; rather, they are more commonly associated with conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder. Option A is incorrect because it accurately describes a common symptom of PTSD in children, where they may reenact or display elements of their traumatic experience through play or behaviors like sexual behavior. This is a way for children to process and cope with their trauma. Option C is incorrect as avoidance of places or situations that remind the individual of the traumatic event is a key symptom of PTSD. Individuals may go to great lengths to avoid these triggers to prevent re-experiencing the trauma. Option D is incorrect because feelings of shame or guilt are often experienced by individuals with PTSD, including older children. These negative emotions are common responses to the trauma and can significantly impact the individual's well-being. In an educational context, understanding the manifestations of PTSD is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working in mental health or trauma-related fields. By knowing the symptoms and manifestations of PTSD, healthcare professionals can accurately assess, diagnose, and provide appropriate interventions for individuals suffering from this disorder. It is important to differentiate between PTSD and other mental health conditions to ensure proper treatment and support for those in need.