Bennett was rushed to the emergency department with possible increased intracranial pressure (ICP); which of the following is an early clinical manifestation of increased ICP in older children? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Papilledema is a common early clinical manifestation of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in older children. Papilledema is defined as optic disc swelling due to increased ICP transmitted to the optic nerve sheath. This can be visualized during a fundoscopic examination. It is important to identify papilledema promptly as it may signify increased ICP, which requires urgent evaluation and management to prevent potential complications. While other signs like Macewen's sign, Setting sun sign, and Diplopia can also indicate increased ICP, papilledema is a more specific sign seen in older children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When providing postoperative care for a child with cleft palate (CP), nurse Karen should position the child in the supine position. This position allows for proper airway management and helps prevent aspiration. Placing the child in the supine position also aids in monitoring respiratory status and reducing the risk of complications post-surgery. It is important to maintain proper positioning to ensure the child's safety and comfort during the recovery period.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A neonate with very low birth weight is at risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which is a common breathing disorder in premature infants. RDS occurs due to a lack of a substance in the lungs called surfactant, which helps keep the air sacs open and prevents them from collapsing. In neonates with very low birth weight, the lungs may not have produced enough surfactant, leading to breathing difficulties and respiratory distress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) can cause a variety of symptoms, including seizures, nausea, and vomiting. When the pressure inside the skull rises, it can put pressure on the brain tissue, leading to changes in normal brain function. Seizures may occur as a result of the altered brain activity. Nausea and vomiting can also be triggered by increased ICP, as the body's natural response to the disturbance in the brain's normal functioning. Therefore, all of the listed options (seizure, nausea, vomiting) can be caused by increased intracranial pressure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most common congenital heart disease is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). VSD is a heart condition present at birth where there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This hole allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow and potentially causing complications such as pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. VSD can be classified as an acyanotic heart defect with a left to right shunt. Treatment options for VSD include monitoring, medications, and in some cases, surgical intervention.