Based on the circadian cycle, the body prepares for sleep at night by decreasing the body temperature and releasing which of the following chemicals?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The circadian cycle orchestrates sleep via physiological shifts, notably lowering body temperature (by ~1°C) and releasing 'melatonin' from the pineal gland at dusk, signaled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Melatonin promotes drowsinesse.g., levels rise from 10 pg/mL daytime to 100 pg/mL at nightaligning sleep with darkness. 'Neonephrine' is fictitious; norepinephrine, if meant, promotes arousal, not sleep. 'Seratonin' , likely a misspelling of serotonin, aids mood and melatonin synthesis but isn't directly released for sleep onset. 'Dopamine' drives wakefulness and reward, peaking daytimee.g., its suppression at night aids sleep. For example, a nurse might note a patient's melatonin spike at 10 p.m., cooling their core temperature, per Taylor's circadian biology. Choice C is the correct chemical, critical for sleep preparation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Medication ordering reflects patient need and flexibility. 'P.r.n' , or 'as needed,' is most common for sleep medse.g., zolpidem 10 mg PRN allows use only when insomnia strikes, per hospital norms in Taylor. 'Stat' is immediate, one-timee.g., post-op, not routine sleep. 'Single order' is once-only, like stat, not ongoinge.g., one 5 mg dose. 'Daily dose' is schedulede.g., 10 mg qHSless common as it assumes constant need, risking tolerance. PRN's adaptabilitye.g., 3 nights weeklyfits sleep's variability, making Choice B the correct, prevalent method.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pain location can mislead its origin. 'Referred pain' fits a myocardial infarction's left arm/shoulder paine.g., cardiac ischemia projects via shared nerve pathways (T1-T5), per Taylor's pain science. 'Cutaneous pain' is skin-specifice.g., a burn, not heart. 'Allodynia' is pain from non-painful stimulie.g., touch hurts in neuropathy, not MI. 'Nociceptive' is a category (tissue damage), not a typee.g., too broad here. MI's classic referrale.g., angina radiatingmakes Choice B the correct term.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cultural competence in pain care respects diversity. 'Avoid stereotyping responses to pain by patients' is correcte.g., not assuming a stoic Asian patient feels less pain, per Taylor's cultural framework, ensures individualized assessment. Choice A, 'treat every patient the same,' ignores cultural normse.g., some groups (e.g., Hispanic) express pain vocally. Choice B, 'skilled in medication administration,' is technical, not culturale.g., giving morphine doesn't address beliefs. Choice C, 'know action and side effects,' is clinical knowledge, not competencee.g., unrelated to a patient's pain expression style. A nurse asking, 'How do you usually handle pain?'e.g., prayer for someavoids bias, aligning with holistic care. Choice D is the culturally adept answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Electrical stimulation targets pain pathways. 'TENS' , transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, inhibits paine.g., electrodes at 50 Hz block A-delta signals via gate control, per Taylor's neuromodulation. 'Acupressure' uses pressuree.g., thumb on points, not electricity. 'Acupuncture' uses needlese.g., meridian-based, not electrical primarily. 'Hypnosis' alters perceptione.g., trance, no current. TENSe.g., 20-minute sessioncuts pain (e.g., 5/10 to 2/10) in back injuries, a nursing tool. Choice A is the correct, specific method.