Autism screening is recommended for all children at age of

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric practice, autism screening is a crucial component of developmental surveillance due to the importance of early detection and intervention in improving outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The correct answer, option B) 18 to 24 months, aligns with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation to conduct universal autism screening at 18 and 24 months of age. At 18-24 months, children are entering a critical period of development where early signs of ASD may become more noticeable. Screening at this age allows for timely intervention and support services to be initiated, maximizing the child's developmental progress and quality of life. Options A) 12 to 18 months and D) 36 to 48 months are incorrect because screening at 12-18 months may miss subtle early signs of ASD that become more apparent later, while screening at 36-48 months delays potential intervention during a critical developmental period. Option C) 24 to 36 months is also not ideal as it misses the opportunity for earlier intervention that can significantly impact the child's developmental trajectory. Educationally, understanding the timing and rationale behind autism screening recommendations empowers healthcare providers to implement evidence-based practices, promote early detection, and provide appropriate support for children and families. By following guidelines such as screening at 18-24 months, professionals can contribute to improved outcomes and better long-term prognosis for children with ASD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) behavioral insomnia of childhood. Behavioral insomnia of childhood is a common sleep disorder in children characterized by difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. In this case, the 4-year-old boy's refusal to go to bed and remaining active is consistent with this disorder, as children with behavioral insomnia often resist going to bed and exhibit increased activity levels at bedtime. Option A) thyrotoxicosis is less likely as it is a medical condition involving an overactive thyroid gland, which typically presents with symptoms such as weight loss, increased appetite, and hyperactivity, rather than just bedtime resistance. Option B) ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is also less likely as the primary symptoms of ADHD involve inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity throughout the day, rather than being specific to bedtime. Option D) sleep-onset association disorder involves needing specific conditions or associations to fall asleep, such as needing a parent present. While this disorder can lead to bedtime resistance, the scenario described is more indicative of behavioral insomnia of childhood. Educationally, understanding the different sleep disorders in children is crucial for healthcare professionals and caregivers to provide appropriate interventions and support. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of behavioral insomnia of childhood can help in implementing behavioral interventions to improve sleep hygiene and promote healthy sleep habits in children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) roll over. By the age of 7 months, infants typically have developed the ability to roll over from front to back and vice versa. This milestone is usually achieved around 4-6 months of age. Option A) Transfer object from hand to hand is a skill that infants typically develop between 5-7 months of age. This demonstrates increasing hand-eye coordination and motor skills. Option B) Actively bounces is a gross motor skill that infants usually demonstrate around 6-7 months of age. This action shows strength and coordination in their lower body. Option C) Uses radial palm grasp is a fine motor skill that infants develop around 6-7 months of age. It involves using the thumb and fingers to pick up objects, showing increasing dexterity. Understanding these developmental milestones in infants is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers, caregivers, and educators. Monitoring these milestones helps to assess a child's growth and development, identify any potential delays early on, and provide appropriate interventions if needed. It also guides caregivers in creating a stimulating environment that supports the child's physical and cognitive development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) limit-setting behavioral insomnia of childhood. Explanation: Limit-setting behavioral insomnia of childhood occurs when a child refuses to go to bed and remains active due to testing limits and seeking attention. This behavior is common in young children as they assert their independence and test boundaries. By engaging in this behavior, the child may receive attention or delay bedtime. Option A) Thyrotoxicosis is unlikely in this case as it is a medical condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, and palpitations, not just refusal to go to bed. Option B) ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) may present with hyperactivity and impulsivity but typically does not manifest solely as refusal to go to bed. Children with ADHD may have difficulty settling down at bedtime, but the primary reason for their behavior is different from limit-setting insomnia. Option C) Primary sleep disorders could contribute to difficulty falling asleep, but in the context of the scenario provided, the child's behavior seems more related to behavioral issues rather than a primary sleep disorder. Educational Context: Understanding common behavioral patterns in children is crucial for pediatric healthcare professionals, parents, and educators. By recognizing behaviors like limit-setting insomnia, caregivers can implement appropriate strategies to address these issues effectively. It is essential to differentiate between behavioral issues and medical conditions to provide the best care and support for children's health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this case, the correct answer is B) 3 months. The developmental milestones described align closely with the typical developmental progression of a 3-month-old infant. At this age, infants usually demonstrate head control, tracking moving objects with their eyes, smiling responsively, making cooing sounds, and lifting their head when lying on their stomach. These behaviors indicate the infant's developing motor skills, visual tracking abilities, social responsiveness, and strength. Option A) 1 month is incorrect because a 1-month-old infant typically does not have the level of head control, social responsiveness, or strength to lift their head to a 45-degree angle from a prone position. Option C) 6 months is incorrect as by this age, most infants would be able to maintain a seated position, in addition to the described behaviors. Option D) 9 months is also incorrect because by this age, most infants would have progressed beyond the described developmental milestones and would typically be more advanced in their motor and social skills. Understanding these typical developmental milestones is crucial for healthcare providers working with infants to monitor their growth and development accurately. It helps in identifying any potential developmental delays or concerns early on, allowing for timely intervention and support.