Atropine is now rarely used for the treatment of peptic ulcer because of:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Atropine is rarely used for peptic ulcer treatment due to its adverse effects, which include slow gastric emptying leading to prolonged exposure of the ulcer bed to acid, low efficiency requiring large doses, and other possible side effects. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it encompasses all the reasons why atropine is not commonly used for peptic ulcer treatment. Choices A, B, and C individually address specific drawbacks of atropine, but only D covers all the reasons comprehensively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phenylephrine. Phenylephrine is an effective mydriatic because it acts on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in the eye, causing pupillary dilation. Salmeterol (A) is a long-acting beta-2 agonist used for asthma, not mydriasis. Dobutamine (C) is a beta-1 agonist used for cardiac support. Norepinephrine (D) is a non-selective adrenergic agonist used for hypotension, not for mydriasis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep disorders. Hypnotic drugs are primarily used to treat sleep disorders by promoting sleep or helping to manage insomnia. They act on the central nervous system to induce and maintain sleep. Psychosis (A) is typically treated with antipsychotic medications, narcolepsy (C) is treated with stimulant medications, and Parkinsonian disorders (D) are managed with medications that target dopamine levels in the brain. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it aligns with the pharmacological action and intended therapeutic effect of hypnotic drugs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Carbamazepine, valproate, and phenytoin are all antiepileptic drugs used to treat partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Each drug works through different mechanisms to help control seizure activity. Choosing "All of the above" ensures that all appropriate treatment options are considered for managing these types of seizures. Options A, B, and C alone are incorrect because each drug individually is effective but may not cover all seizure types.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Certainly! Benztropine is preferred in drug-induced parkinsonism as it acts as an anticholinergic agent, counteracting excess acetylcholine caused by certain drugs. Levodopa (A) and dopamine (D) are not effective as they can worsen symptoms. Bromocriptine (B) is a dopamine agonist used in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, not drug-induced parkinsonism.