Atrophy of the gastric mucosal glands is likely to result in:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Failure of digestion and absorption of proteins. Atrophy of gastric mucosal glands leads to decreased production of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, essential for protein digestion. This results in impaired breakdown of proteins, leading to failure of digestion and absorption. Choice A is incorrect as starch digestion primarily occurs in the mouth and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect because high gastrin levels are associated with increased acid production. Choice D is incorrect as secretin is not directly involved in protein digestion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, stomach. Ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma are commonly bilateral due to the close anatomical relationship between the stomach and ovaries. Stomach cancer frequently spreads to the ovaries through direct extension or lymphatic dissemination. In contrast, esophageal, small intestine, and appendix carcinomas less commonly metastasize to the ovaries, making choices A, C, and D less likely. Thus, the characteristic bilateral ovarian metastases are most commonly associated with carcinoma of the stomach.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sleep. During sleep, the body's metabolic rate decreases as it enters a state of rest and recovery. Pregnancy (A) requires increased energy expenditure for fetal development. Males generally have higher metabolic rates than females (C) due to higher muscle mass. Walking (D) requires more energy than resting, leading to a higher metabolic rate. In summary, sleep is the exception as it lowers metabolic rate compared to the other activities listed.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Starch. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose in the oral cavity. This process is the initial step in carbohydrate digestion. Proteins are primarily digested in the stomach by pepsin. Lipids are broken down by lipase in the small intestine. Amino acids are the end product of protein digestion, not the substrate for amylase. Therefore, the correct answer is C as amylase specifically targets starch for digestion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pepsin is the correct answer as it is the enzyme specifically produced by gastric chief cells in the stomach to break down proteins into peptides. It works optimally in the acidic environment of the stomach. Amylase (choice A) breaks down carbohydrates, protease (choice B) refers to a general term for enzymes that break down proteins, and lipase (choice C) breaks down fats, making them incorrect for this question.