At what rate should IV fluids be given in acute renal colic?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: IV fluids in renal colic aim for 200 mL/hr urine output hydrates, aids stone passage (e.g., <5 mm), standard. 2 L/2 hr risks overload excessive. Maintenance is too slow insufficient push. 1 L/1 hr lacks precision cardiac caveat vague. Output goal distinguishes it, key to flushing strategy, unlike volume or rate errors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading CRF cause hyperglycemia scars nephrons (e.g., diabetic nephropathy), outpacing hypertension (vascular), GN (immune), and PKD (genetic). Diabetes's frequency distinguishes it, critical for CRF burden, unlike secondary or rarer etiologies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: IgA nephropathy (Berger's) is the commonest glomerulonephritis chronic, frequent acute flares (e.g., post-viral hematuria), outpacing post-strep (episodic), Goodpasture's (rare), and SLE (systemic). IgA's global burden distinguishes it, key to GN prevalence, unlike less frequent or severe forms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Tunica albuginea repair is needed in penile fracture rupture during erection (e.g., intercourse), surgical fix restores integrity. Corpus spongiosum/urethra rarely tear separate. Corpora cavernosum is inside tunica contained. Buck's fascia may tear secondary. Tunica's role distinguishes it, critical for penile structure, unlike adjacent or contained tissues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thiazides inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the DCT, promoting diuresis, not stimulating it or affecting the loop of Henle (furosemide's site). This distinguishes thiazide's action, key for hypertension treatment, contrasting with loop diuretics or stimulatory misconceptions.