At best, multiple noninvasive tests can

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because noninvasive tests can provide accurate results without the need for invasive follow-up procedures like amniocentesis, reducing risks to the mother and fetus. Choice A is incorrect as noninvasive tests do not approach 100% detection for Down syndrome. Choice C is incorrect because noninvasive tests are typically done earlier in the pregnancy for better accuracy. Choice D is incorrect as noninvasive tests do not induce miscarriage, regardless of the baby's health status.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above, because families with recurrent genetic problems have various options to consider. Decision not to have children can prevent passing on genetic issues. Adoption allows them to expand their family without genetic concerns. Sperm or egg donation provides the option of having biological children through a different genetic source. Therefore, all options - not having children, adoption, and donor options - are available to families dealing with recurrent genetic problems.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Unbalanced translocations, aneuploidy, and aneusomy can all be recurrent in a family due to genetic factors being passed down through generations. Unbalanced translocations involve an abnormal chromosomal arrangement, aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes, and aneusomy refers to an abnormal number of copies of a particular chromosome. These genetic abnormalities can be inherited and recur in families, making D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the effective dose is a measurement that accounts for the different biological effects of various types of radiation on tissues or organs. It takes into consideration factors like the type of radiation, the energy, and the sensitivity of the exposed tissue. This makes it a more accurate representation of the potential harm caused by radiation exposure compared to simply measuring the amount of radiation present in the body (choice A) or accounting for shielding effects (choice B). Choice D is incorrect because the effective dose is not the same for gamma rays, beta particles, and alpha particles due to their different penetration abilities and biological impacts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because ionizing radiation is indeed higher energy, includes particles, and can ionize water, distinguishing it from non-ionizing radiation. Choice A is correct as ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma rays, has high enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms. Choice B is correct as ionizing radiation includes alpha and beta particles, which are charged particles. Choice C is correct as ionizing radiation can ionize water molecules, leading to the formation of free radicals. Therefore, all of the statements in choices A, B, and C are true, making option D the correct answer.