Approximately 35% to 40% of infants and young children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis have coexisting food allergies. The most common cause of food-induced eczematous reactions is allergy to

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) cow milk protein. In infants and young children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, approximately 35% to 40% have coexisting food allergies. Cow's milk protein allergy is the most common cause of food-induced eczematous reactions in this population. Cow's milk protein allergy can manifest as eczema, gastrointestinal symptoms, respiratory symptoms, or a combination of these. It is crucial to identify and manage this allergy early to prevent further complications and improve the child's quality of life. Option A) wheat is incorrect because wheat allergy typically presents with symptoms like gastrointestinal issues or respiratory symptoms, rather than eczema. Option B) egg allergy can cause eczema in some cases, but it is less common than cow's milk protein allergy in infants with atopic dermatitis. Option C) fish allergy usually presents with different symptoms such as hives, swelling, or respiratory issues, rather than primarily causing eczema in infants with atopic dermatitis. Educationally, understanding the common food allergens associated with eczema in children is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of food allergies can aid in timely diagnosis and appropriate management, leading to improved outcomes for children with atopic dermatitis and associated food allergies. A comprehensive approach to managing these conditions involves collaboration between healthcare providers, parents, and caregivers to provide optimal care for the child.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the long-term complications following acute bronchiolitis is crucial for providing comprehensive care to children. The correct answer is A) Adenovirus. Bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare but serious complication that can occur after severe bronchiolitis caused by adenovirus infection. Adenovirus can lead to inflammation and scarring of the small airways in the lungs, resulting in bronchiolitis obliterans. Option B) Human metapneumovirus is incorrect because it is not typically associated with bronchiolitis obliterans. While human metapneumovirus can cause respiratory infections in children, it is not a common cause of this specific long-term complication. Option C) Influenza virus is also incorrect in this context. Influenza virus is known to cause respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis, but it is not the primary virus associated with bronchiolitis obliterans. Option D) Parainfluenza virus is not the correct answer either. Parainfluenza virus is more commonly linked to croup and other upper respiratory infections in children, rather than bronchiolitis obliterans. Understanding the specific viruses associated with different respiratory conditions in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to deliver accurate assessments, interventions, and education to both patients and their families. Recognizing the long-term complications of respiratory infections helps nurses in anticipating potential complications, promoting early intervention, and improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In hereditary methemoglobinemia, the most common cause is a deficiency of the enzyme cytochrome b5 reductase, which is responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining the functional form of hemoglobin, ensuring proper oxygen delivery throughout the body. Therefore, the correct answer is A) Cytochrome b5 reductase. Option B) Glutathione peroxidase is not directly involved in the conversion of methemoglobin to hemoglobin, so it is not the correct answer for hereditary methemoglobinemia. Option C) Heme oxygenase is responsible for breaking down heme, not for converting methemoglobin to hemoglobin. Option D) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is involved in folate metabolism, not in the conversion of methemoglobin. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the underlying enzymatic deficiencies associated with hereditary conditions like methemoglobinemia is crucial for providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients. By knowing the correct enzyme involved, nurses can anticipate potential complications, provide appropriate treatments, and educate families on managing the condition effectively. This knowledge enhances the quality of care and improves patient outcomes in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Eosinophilia is a condition characterized by an increased level of eosinophils in the blood, which can be indicative of various underlying conditions. In the context of this question, the correct answer is A) Giardia infection. Eosinophilia is commonly observed in parasitic infections, such as Toxocara infection, due to the body's immune response to the parasites. Drug hypersensitivity reactions can also lead to eosinophilia as part of the body's allergic response. Periarteritis nodosa, a type of vasculitis, can also cause eosinophilia due to the inflammation of blood vessel walls. In the case of Giardia infection, eosinophilia is not a typical finding. Giardiasis, caused by the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia, typically presents with symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and bloating, but eosinophilia is not a prominent feature of this infection. From an educational perspective, understanding the causes of eosinophilia is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in pediatric nursing. It helps in proper diagnosis and management of various conditions, including infections and hypersensitivity reactions. By knowing the specific conditions associated with eosinophilia, nurses can provide better care and support to pediatric patients presenting with these symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the signs and symptoms of airway obstruction due to allergic responses as they can rapidly escalate and lead to life-threatening situations. In this question, the correct answer is A) Dennie lines, which is not a sign of moderate to severe airway obstruction. Dennie lines are wrinkles beneath the lower eyelids, which are commonly seen in children with chronic allergies but are not indicative of an acute airway obstruction. On the other hand, options B, C, and D are all signs of moderate to severe airway obstruction. Supraclavicular and intercostal retractions indicate increased work of breathing, cyanosis signifies inadequate oxygenation, and pulsus paradoxus (a drop in systolic blood pressure during inspiration) can suggest severe airway obstruction such as in conditions like croup or epiglottitis. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing specific clinical signs associated with airway obstruction in pediatric patients. Understanding these signs is critical for prompt assessment and intervention to prevent respiratory compromise and ensure optimal patient outcomes. By differentiating between signs like Dennie lines and those indicative of airway obstruction, nurses can provide timely and appropriate care in emergency situations.