Antidiuretic hormone _______________.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: controls the amount of urine one produces. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to regulate water reabsorption, thereby controlling the amount of urine produced. It does not control metabolic rate (A), increase blood sugar (C), or control reproduction (D). ADH's main function is to maintain water balance in the body by reducing urine output.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: anterior pituitary. Hypothalamic releasing hormones target cells in the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of specific pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system and bind to receptors on cells in the anterior pituitary, triggering the release of hormones such as ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, and GH. This interaction between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary forms the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, regulating various physiological processes. Choices A (thyroid) and D (posterior pituitary) are incorrect as they are not the primary targets of hypothalamic releasing hormones. Choice B (hypothalamus) is also incorrect as releasing hormones do not target cells within the hypothalamus itself, but rather the anterior pituitary.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: enzyme. Endocrine glands are stimulated by three main categories: humoral (based on blood levels of certain substances), neural (stimulation by nerves), and hormonal (stimulation by other hormones). Enzymes do not directly stimulate endocrine glands. They are biological catalysts that facilitate biochemical reactions, not a category of stimulus for endocrine glands. Therefore, A is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are valid categories of endocrine gland stimulus based on blood levels, nerves, and hormones respectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because insulin is released when the body's glucose level rises. This is a key function of insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. When glucose levels increase after a meal, beta cells release insulin to help cells absorb and use glucose for energy. This process helps to maintain blood sugar within a healthy range. Choice A is incorrect because insulin release is not necessarily excessive in obese people, but rather it can be impaired due to insulin resistance. Choice B is incorrect because insulin is typically released in response to high blood sugar levels, not physical stress. Choice D is incorrect because insulin is released when blood sugar levels drop too low, not rise.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: epinephrine. Steroid-based hormones are derived from cholesterol and include estrogen, aldosterone, and cortisone. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone, not a steroid hormone. Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine, not cholesterol like steroid hormones. Therefore, epinephrine does not belong to the category of steroid-based hormones.