Anti-psychotic drugs include the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this CNS Pharmacology Drug Quiz question, the correct answer is B) Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, not psychosis. Therefore, it is not classified as an anti-psychotic drug. The other options are all anti-psychotic drugs: A) Haloperidol is a typical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. C) Thioridazine is also a typical antipsychotic used to manage symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychoses. D) Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic indicated for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Educational context: Understanding the classification and uses of different psychotropic medications is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with patients with mental health conditions. Knowing the differences between anti-psychotic drugs like haloperidol, thioridazine, and clozapine versus medications like fluoxetine helps ensure appropriate prescribing and effective treatment outcomes for patients suffering from various psychiatric disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Salicylate. Salicylate, commonly found in aspirin, is associated with tinnitus as a result of chronic toxicity due to its ototoxic effects on the cochlea. It can lead to irreversible damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, resulting in symptoms like tinnitus. Phenytoin (B) is an antiepileptic drug known for causing side effects like ataxia and nystagmus, not tinnitus. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker used for conditions like hypertension and is not known to cause tinnitus. Acetaminophen (D) is a pain reliever and fever reducer that is not associated with tinnitus. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of medications is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide safe and effective care to patients. This question highlights the importance of recognizing the potential ototoxic effects of certain drugs like salicylates, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring and patient education to prevent adverse outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Selegiline is a selective irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) enzyme in the brain. MAO-B is an enzyme that metabolizes dopamine, helping to regulate dopamine levels in the brain. By inhibiting MAO-B, selegiline increases dopamine levels, which is beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Option A, Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), is not the correct enzyme inhibited by selegiline. COMT is involved in the metabolism of catecholamines like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, but not the target of selegiline. Option B, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine. Selegiline does not act on TH but rather on the enzyme involved in dopamine metabolism. Option D, Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), is another enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine but is not the primary target of selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In an educational context, understanding the specific enzyme targeted by drugs is crucial for pharmacology students and healthcare professionals to comprehend the mechanism of action, potential side effects, and therapeutic uses of medications. Knowing that selegiline inhibits MAO-B can help in making informed decisions regarding its use in managing Parkinson's disease and other conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Phenytoin. Phenytoin is a known teratogen that has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations such as cleft lip and palate when used during pregnancy. This occurs due to its interference with folic acid metabolism, impacting fetal development. Gabapentin (B), Clonazepam (C), and Sodium Valproate (D) are not typically associated with cleft lip and palate as a teratogenic effect. Gabapentin is generally considered safe in pregnancy, while Clonazepam is associated with other risks but not specifically cleft lip and palate. Sodium Valproate has a well-documented risk of neural tube defects and other congenital malformations but not cleft lip and palate specifically. In an educational context, understanding the teratogenic effects of medications used in pregnancy is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially when managing conditions like epilepsy where treatment must be carefully balanced with potential risks to the developing fetus. This knowledge helps in making informed decisions to optimize maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Methadone. Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that helps alleviate withdrawal symptoms in individuals with opioid dependence, such as the heroin addict in the question. Methadone works by binding to the same receptors as opioids like heroin, reducing withdrawal symptoms without producing the euphoric high associated with other opioids. Acetaminophen (A) is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic, which would not effectively address the opioid withdrawal symptoms described. Codeine (C) is an opioid analgesic that could potentially worsen the patient's condition by further exacerbating opioid dependence. Diazepam (D) is a benzodiazepine that may help with anxiety and agitation but would not directly address the opioid withdrawal symptoms. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers to understand the pharmacological principles behind treating opioid withdrawal. Methadone is a cornerstone of medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder and is effective in managing withdrawal symptoms, reducing cravings, and supporting long-term recovery. Understanding the appropriate use of medications like methadone is essential for healthcare professionals working with individuals struggling with opioid addiction.