Anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is caused by

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids have a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory effect. 1. Glucocorticoids inhibit phospholipase A2, reducing prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are pro-inflammatory mediators. 2. They also decrease macrophage migration to the site of inflammation, reducing inflammation. 3. Glucocorticoids decrease capillary permeability, which helps in reducing swelling and edema. Therefore, all of the above mechanisms contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids. Other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the key mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is indeed an essential coenzyme for the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids, including the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle. This process is crucial for energy production in the form of ATP. Choice A is incorrect because vitamin B1 is not primarily an antioxidant but rather a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism. Choice C is incorrect because vitamin B1 is not required for the synthesis of prothrombin or clotting factors. Choice D is incorrect because flavoproteins, FMN, and FAD are associated with vitamin B2 (riboflavin), not vitamin B1.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Probufol can stay in the body for a long time, and waiting 6 months after stopping the medication before becoming pregnant is crucial to prevent potential harm to the fetus. This waiting period allows the drug to be eliminated from the body, reducing the risk of any adverse effects on the pregnancy. Choice B (FALSE) is incorrect because it is important for women to wait before becoming pregnant after stopping probucol therapy. Choices C (All) and D (None) are also incorrect as they do not accurately represent the specific guideline related to probucol use and pregnancy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A: True. Calcitonin is indeed secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid and consists of 32 amino acids. B: True. Calcitonin lowers serum calcium and phosphate levels by acting on bones and kidneys. C: True. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, thereby protecting bone density. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all statements are accurate and collectively describe the functions and characteristics of calcitonin.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 350-400 mg. The recommended daily allowance of magnesium for adults is typically around 350-400 mg. This amount is based on the average dietary intake needed to maintain optimal health and bodily functions. Magnesium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes such as muscle and nerve function, blood sugar regulation, and bone health. Choice B (6-9 g) is too high for daily magnesium intake and could lead to toxicity symptoms. Choice C (25 g) is also excessively high and can cause serious health issues. Choice D (1.5-4 mg) is too low and would not meet the body's daily magnesium requirements. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it falls within the recommended range for daily magnesium intake to support overall well-being.