Anti-epileptic, chemically derived from the tricyclic antidepressant is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Carbamazepine is chemically derived from the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. It is commonly used as an anti-epileptic medication. Carbamazepine's mechanism of action involves blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons. This helps to stabilize the hyperexcitable neuronal membranes in epilepsy. Ethosuximide and Phenytoin are not derived from tricyclic antidepressants and have different mechanisms of action in treating epilepsy. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Carbamazepine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because ketamine can be administered via both intravenous and intramuscular routes. Intravenous administration allows for rapid onset of action, making it ideal for induction of anesthesia. Intramuscular administration provides an alternative option for administration when intravenous access is not available. Options A and B are incorrect because ketamine can be administered via both routes. Option D is incorrect as ketamine can be administered through one or both of the mentioned routes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Phenelzine belongs to the class of MAO inhibitors because it inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which leads to increased levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This mechanism differs from the other classes listed. Tricyclic antidepressants (A) block the reuptake of neurotransmitters, SSRIs (C) selectively block serotonin reuptake, and atypical antidepressants (D) have diverse mechanisms but don't primarily inhibit MAO. This makes choice B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: An inverse agonist is a compound that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces the opposite effect by decreasing the basal activity of the receptor. Beta-Carboline is the correct answer as it acts as an inverse agonist at GABA-A receptors, reducing the inhibitory effect of GABA. A: Buspirone is a partial agonist at serotonin receptors, not an inverse agonist. B: Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, not an inverse agonist. D: Zolpidem is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors, not an inverse agonist. Summary: Beta-Carboline is the only choice that fits the definition of an inverse agonist by reducing receptor activity, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Carbamazepine is related to tricyclic antidepressants due to its chemical structure containing a tricyclic ring system. This similarity allows carbamazepine to exhibit similar pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action as tricyclic antidepressants. On the other hand, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and MAOIs have different chemical structures and mechanisms of action compared to carbamazepine, making them incorrect choices.