Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in the treatment of hypertension are an example of which type of action?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Antagonizing cell surface receptor. ARBs block the angiotensin II type 1 receptor on the cell surface, preventing angiotensin II from binding and exerting its vasoconstrictive effects, thus lowering blood pressure. Choice A is incorrect as ARBs do not target nuclear receptors. Choice B is incorrect as ARBs do not act as agonists for cell surface receptors. Choice D is incorrect as ARBs do exert their action by antagonizing the cell surface receptor.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Cimetidine (C) because it is a known inhibitor of several CYP enzymes. Cimetidine can inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, among others. This can lead to potential drug interactions and altered metabolism of medications that are substrates of these enzymes. A: Cisplatin does not inhibit CYP enzymes. B: Acebutolol hydrochloride is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6, but it does not inhibit CYP enzymes. D: Dicloxacillin sodium is not known to inhibit CYP enzymes. In summary, Cimetidine is the correct answer as it inhibits several CYP enzymes, while the other choices do not possess this inhibitory effect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lidocaine. Lidocaine is formulated as a transdermal patch for skin absorption. It has a lipophilic structure and low molecular weight, facilitating its penetration through the skin layers. Clonidine and Propranolol are typically administered orally or intravenously, not through the skin. Nitroglycerin is also formulated for skin absorption, often used in patches for angina treatment. However, in this question, the focus is on which drug is specifically formulated for skin absorption, making Lidocaine the most appropriate choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The combined effects are greater than the effects of either one of the drugs alone. When two medications are administered simultaneously, they may work synergistically to produce a greater therapeutic effect than each drug would achieve individually. This is known as a therapeutic synergy. By combining the actions of the drugs, the overall treatment outcome can be more effective. Incorrect choices: A: The adverse effects of one of the drugs are nullified by the other drug - This is incorrect because therapeutic outcomes focus on positive effects, not negating adverse effects. C: One of the drugs enhances metabolism, while the other drug enhances either distribution or absorption - This is incorrect as it does not address the overall therapeutic outcome of the combination. D: Both drugs are toxic in isolation but therapeutic when administered together - This is incorrect as therapeutic outcomes aim for positive effects, not relying on toxicity for efficacy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Regular monitoring of the client's serum lithium levels is crucial to ensure that the drug levels are within a therapeutic range (not too low or too high) to effectively manage bipolar disorder. Maintaining therapeutic levels helps prevent relapse of symptoms and minimizes the risk of toxicity. Monitoring also allows for adjustments in dosage if needed. Choice A is incorrect because blood-drug incompatibilities are not the primary reason for monitoring lithium levels. Choice C is incorrect because monitoring lithium levels is not to determine the need for additional medications. Choice D is incorrect because monitoring is not primarily to confirm adherence, although it can provide information on compliance.