Anemia of chronic inflammation is generally classified as:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Anemia of chronic inflammation is characterized by normochromic and normocytic red blood cells. In chronic inflammation, the body typically produces enough red blood cells, but they are often smaller and paler than normal (normocytic and normochromic). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hypochromic and microcytic, hypochromic and macrocytic, and normochromic and microcytic anemias are not typically associated with chronic inflammation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In peripheral artery disease, pain in the lower extremities worsens with the elevation of the extremity because it diverts blood flow away from the affected area, exacerbating the pain. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Resting doesn't increase blood flow, a dependent position doesn't lead to blood pooling in this context, and pain worsening due to touch or massage is not a typical feature of peripheral artery disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic condition that can lead to COPD at a young age, even in light smokers. Choice B is less likely as the patient's occupation does not directly correlate with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Choice C, a 70-year-old woman with a long smoking history, is more likely to have COPD due to smoking rather than alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Choice D, exposure to secondhand smoke, is not a common cause of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency-related COPD.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of dehydration, the correct answer is B) A 50-year-old man who is morbidly obese. This is because individuals who are obese are more prone to dehydration due to their increased body mass, which requires a higher amount of water for proper functioning. Additionally, obese individuals may have impaired thirst mechanisms and may not consume enough fluids to meet their body's needs, leading to dehydration. Option A) A 50-year-old woman who is a bodybuilder is less likely to experience dehydration compared to the obese man because bodybuilders are typically conscious of their hydration needs and often consume adequate fluids to support their intense physical activity. Option C) A 10-year-old child who is thin is less likely to experience dehydration as well, as children generally have better-regulated thirst mechanisms and tend to drink fluids more frequently compared to adults. Option D) A 30-year-old with multiple sclerosis may face challenges related to dehydration due to potential mobility issues or medication side effects, but the likelihood is lower compared to the obese individual, as multiple sclerosis itself does not directly increase the risk of dehydration. From an educational perspective, understanding the factors that contribute to dehydration in different populations is crucial for nursing students. It involves recognizing the specific risk factors, such as obesity in this case, that can predispose individuals to dehydration and tailoring interventions to meet the unique needs of each patient to prevent complications associated with fluid imbalance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Palpable kidneys. Polycystic kidney disease often leads to the development of multiple fluid-filled cysts within the kidneys, causing them to enlarge. Enlarged kidneys can be palpated during a physical examination. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Suprapubic pain is not a typical clinical manifestation of polycystic kidney disease. Periorbital edema is more commonly associated with conditions like nephrotic syndrome or heart failure. Low serum creatinine level is not expected in patients with renal impairment due to polycystic kidney disease; instead, elevated serum creatinine levels are more likely.