Anaphylactic shock is a severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure, urticaria, and breathing difficulties that is caused by exposure to a foreign substance, such as a drug or bee venom, after preliminary or sensitizing exposure. This consideration is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because anaphylactic shock is indeed a severe allergic reaction characterized by a drop in blood pressure, urticaria, and breathing difficulties triggered by exposure to an allergen after previous sensitizing exposure. This description matches the definition of anaphylactic shock, making the statement true. The other choices are incorrect because stating it is false (B), all encompassing (C), or none of the above (D) does not align with the specific characteristics and causes of anaphylactic shock.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins in the stomach, improving gastrointestinal (GIT) functions. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides for absorption. Urokinase is a thrombolytic enzyme used to dissolve blood clots, not related to GIT functions. L-asparaginase is used in cancer treatment by depleting asparagine, not for GIT functions. Lydaze is an enzyme used to break down bacterial cell walls, also unrelated to GIT functions. Therefore, the correct choice is pepsin as it directly enhances GIT functions by aiding in protein digestion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A: Cholestyramine (Questran) Rationale: Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant that indirectly stimulates VLDL synthesis by interrupting enterohepatic circulation. It binds bile acids in the intestine, leading to increased hepatic cholesterol conversion to bile acids. This triggers compensatory upregulation of hepatic LDL and VLDL synthesis. Summary of other choices: B: Lovastatin (Mevacor) - Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis. C: Gemfibrozil (Lopid) - Increases lipoprotein lipase activity, reducing VLDL levels. D: Probucol (Lorelco) - Reduces VLDL synthesis by inhibiting cholesterol ester transfer protein.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because alendronate is a second-generation bisphosphonate, not a first-generation one. Alendronate is known to be more potent than EHDP and has a wider therapeutic window. Option A is incorrect as alendronate can cause irritation to the esophagus if not taken correctly. Option C is correct as alendronate reduces osteoclast activity without significantly affecting osteoblasts, making it useful in treating Paget's disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Loop diuretics inhibit the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle, while thiazide diuretics act on the NaCl cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Loop diuretics (A) work differently by targeting a different transporter. Potassium-sparing diuretics (C) inhibit sodium channels in the collecting duct and distal nephron, not the NaCl cotransporter. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (D) act on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule and not directly on the NaCl cotransporter.