An operating room nurse is preparing for a surgical procedure for an infant. The nurses perioperative care is based on what physiologic factor that puts infants at greater risk from surgery than adults?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) lower total blood volume. Infants have a relatively lower total blood volume compared to adults, which means they have less blood available to compensate for blood loss during surgery. This puts them at a greater risk for complications like hypovolemia, which can lead to decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery to vital organs, potentially resulting in serious consequences. Option A, increased vascular rigidity, is incorrect because infants actually have more compliant and easily distensible blood vessels compared to adults. This characteristic can actually be beneficial in certain situations, such as in cases of increased intracranial pressure. Option B, diminished chest expansion, is also incorrect as infants have more compliant chest walls and higher diaphragmatic placement, allowing for good chest expansion and ventilation. Option D, decreased peripheral circulation, is not the physiologic factor that puts infants at greater risk from surgery than adults. In fact, infants tend to have good peripheral circulation due to their high heart rate and well-functioning cardiovascular system. In an educational context, understanding the unique physiological factors of infants is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. This knowledge is essential for providing safe and effective care during surgical procedures, enabling healthcare professionals to anticipate and manage potential risks associated with surgery in this vulnerable population.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) orthopedics. Orthopedics is the branch of medicine that focuses on the correction and prevention of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. This specialty specifically deals with conditions affecting body structures used in locomotion, such as walking and moving. Therefore, orthopedics is the term used to describe the correction or prevention of disorders related to body structures used in locomotion. Option A) pediatrics, Option B) obstetrics, and Option C) geriatrics are incorrect because they do not specifically pertain to the correction or prevention of disorders related to body structures used in locomotion. Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases, obstetrics focuses on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, and geriatrics specializes in the health care of elderly individuals. While these branches of medicine are important in their respective areas, they do not address musculoskeletal disorders and locomotion. Understanding the correct term for medical specialties is crucial in healthcare professions, especially when providing long-term patient care. Knowledge of orthopedics is essential for healthcare professionals involved in managing and treating conditions related to the musculoskeletal system, as it enables them to provide appropriate care and support to patients with locomotion disorders. By understanding these distinctions, healthcare providers can ensure comprehensive and specialized care tailored to the specific needs of their patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Urine from the bladder empties into the pelvis of each kidney. The bladder functions as a temporary reservoir for urine (A), where urine is stored until it is expelled during urination. The sympathetic nervous system carries inhibitory impulses to the bladder (B), controlling the relaxation of the detrusor muscle to allow for urine storage. A fold of membrane in the bladder closes the entrance to the ureters when pressure exists (D), preventing urine from backing up into the kidneys. Option C is incorrect because urine does not empty into the pelvis of each kidney. Rather, urine flows from the bladder through the urethra to be eliminated from the body. Understanding the correct anatomy and physiology of the urinary system is crucial for nursing students to provide competent care to patients with urinary issues. This knowledge helps in assessing urinary function, identifying abnormalities, and implementing appropriate interventions to maintain urinary health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is option D: "I will wipe back to front after going to the toilet." This statement indicates a need for more information because wiping back to front can introduce bacteria from the anal area to the urinary tract, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The proper technique is to wipe from front to back to prevent the spread of bacteria. Option A, taking showers instead of baths, promotes good urinary system health by reducing the risk of infections that can occur in bathwater. Option B, wearing underpants with cotton crotches, allows for better airflow and moisture absorption, reducing the risk of fungal infections. Option C, telling parents about burning or pain, is also a good practice as it can indicate a possible infection or other urinary system issue that may require medical attention. Encouraging open communication with parents about health concerns is important for early intervention and treatment. In an educational context, it is crucial to teach proper hygiene practices to prevent urinary system infections. Reinforcing the correct wiping technique and encouraging open communication about any discomfort or pain can help young girls maintain good urinary system health and overall well-being. It is important to provide this information in a sensitive and age-appropriate manner to empower students to take care of their own health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) consistency of the feces. When a patient is experiencing liquid fecal seepage after not having a bowel movement for 6 days, it indicates a potential impaction. Assessing the consistency of the feces is crucial because it can confirm the presence of a hard mass of stool that is causing the seepage. Option A) amount of intake and output is incorrect because while monitoring fluid intake and output is important for overall patient assessment, it is not directly related to the current issue of fecal impaction. Option B) color and amount of urine is also incorrect as it does not directly address the fecal seepage and impaction concern. While monitoring urine output is essential for assessing hydration status, it is not the priority in this situation. Option C) color of the feces is not as relevant as assessing the consistency when it comes to identifying fecal impaction. While changes in fecal color can sometimes indicate certain health conditions, in this case, focusing on the consistency is more crucial. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the correct answer helps nurses and healthcare professionals prioritize assessments based on the patient's presenting symptoms. It highlights the importance of recognizing signs of impaction and the significance of assessing fecal consistency in such cases to provide timely and appropriate interventions for the patient's care.