An instructor is preparing a class discussion on the various theoretical models used in psychiatric-mental health nursing. When describing cognitive theories, which statement would the instructor include?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because cognitive theories specifically focus on linking internal thought processes with behavior. Cognitive theories explore how individuals perceive, interpret, and process information, influencing their behavior. Choice A is incorrect as it refers more to developmental theories. Choice B is incorrect as it relates to behavioral theories. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to growth and development theories, not cognitive theories. Therefore, Choice C is the most accurate description of cognitive theories.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer, D, is the most accurate definition of biosexual identity. Biosexual identity refers to the anatomic and physiologic state of being male or female, which is determined by biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy. This definition focuses on the physical aspects of gender and is not influenced by personal convictions, outward expressions, or sexual attraction. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not specifically address the biological aspects of gender identity, which are central to understanding biosexual identity. Choice A focuses on personal conviction, choice B on outward expression, and choice C on sexual attraction, all of which are separate from the biological determinants of gender.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Follow the directions given in the living will because of mandates by state law. In this scenario, the living will is a legal document that expresses the client's wishes regarding medical treatment in case they become incapacitated. State laws typically require healthcare providers to honor living wills. This legal obligation supersedes the family's wishes, ethical principles like nonmaleficence (do no harm) or beneficence (do good). Therefore, it is essential for the health-care team to follow the specific directives outlined in the living will to respect the client's autonomy and ensure their wishes are honored.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because children often use fantasy to cope with their understanding of loss, as their cognitive development is not fully mature. Children may create alternate realities to help them process and make sense of difficult emotions. This coping mechanism is a common way for children to fill in the gaps in their understanding of loss. A is incorrect because children grieve differently based on their age and developmental stage. C is incorrect because families may grieve at different times, influenced by cultural, individual, and familial factors. D is incorrect because children and adults have different cognitive and emotional abilities, leading to unique ways of grieving.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the anti-psychiatry movement advocates for a client-centered approach that respects individuals' rights and preferences in care. This implies that nurses should prioritize involving clients in decision-making, respecting their autonomy and preferences. This aligns with the principles of person-centered care and empowers clients in their treatment process. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they go against the core principles of the anti-psychiatry movement and ethical nursing practice. Choice A suggests a paternalistic approach, Choice B disregards clients' perspectives, and Choice D promotes the use of coercive methods, all of which are contrary to the values of client-centered care and respect for individual autonomy.