An infant who eats very rapidly may experience problems with swallowing excessive air. What should the mother be instructed to do?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: It is important to begin feeding the infant before they become too hungry to prevent them from eating rapidly and swallowing excessive air. This will help the infant eat at a slower rate and reduce the risk of problems. Using a nipple with a smaller hole will not address the underlying issue of rapid eating. Placing the infant on the abdomen after feeding is not recommended for safety reasons. Providing water between feedings is unnecessary for infants and can affect their hydration levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Breast milk contains immunoglobulins that protect the newborn against infection. Calcium levels are higher in formula than breast milk. This higher level can cause an excessively high renal solute load if the formula is not diluted properly. The calorie counts of formula and breast milk are about the same. All the essential amino acids are in formula and breast milk. The concentrations may differ.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because encouraging a baby to consume the entire amount of formula prepared for each feeding may lead to overeating, regurgitation, and possible aspiration. It is important for the infant to stop suckling when full. The other statements show appropriate knowledge about bottle feeding, including preparing formula in advance, holding the baby correctly, and feeding based on hunger cues rather than a strict schedule.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of caring for a small for gestational age (SGA) newborn experiencing respiratory distress, the most crucial nursing action is to prevent hypoglycemia with early and frequent feedings (option D). This is because SGA infants are at a higher risk for hypoglycemia due to their decreased glycogen stores and limited ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Providing timely and regular feedings helps maintain adequate glucose levels, supporting the baby's metabolic needs and overall well-being. Option A, promoting bonding, while important for overall infant development, is not the priority in the immediate care of an SGA newborn in respiratory distress. Option B, observing for and preventing dehydration, is also significant but addressing hypoglycemia takes precedence due to its potential for serious consequences in SGA infants. Option C, observing for respiratory distress syndrome, is relevant but not specific to the needs of an SGA newborn who is already experiencing respiratory distress. Educationally, understanding the unique needs and vulnerabilities of SGA newborns is essential for nurses providing care in neonatal settings. Prioritizing interventions based on the individualized needs of each infant is crucial for optimizing outcomes and ensuring safe, effective care delivery. By recognizing the significance of preventing hypoglycemia in SGA newborns with respiratory distress, nurses can tailor their interventions to address the specific challenges these infants may face.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When there is mixing of blood in the right side of the heart, it leads to excessive blood flow to the lungs and pulmonary congestion, resulting in signs of congestive heart failure. Cyanosis is more common with right-to-left shunts, diuresis is not typically seen with cardiac defects, and increased oxygenation of the tissues is not expected in this scenario.