An infant has been diagnosed with bladder obstruction. What do symptoms of this disorder include?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Post urination dribbling. Bladder obstruction in infants can present with symptoms such as post-urination dribbling due to incomplete emptying of the bladder. This occurs because the obstruction impedes the normal flow of urine, leading to residual urine in the bladder that leaks out after urination. Option A) Renal colic is associated with renal calculi (kidney stones) and presents with severe flank pain radiating to the groin. This symptom is not indicative of bladder obstruction in infants. Option B) Strong urinary stream is a normal finding and not typically associated with bladder obstruction. In the case of obstruction, the urinary stream may be weak or intermittent. Option C) Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be a complication of bladder obstruction due to stagnant urine in the bladder, but it is not a direct symptom of the obstruction itself. Understanding the symptoms of bladder obstruction in infants is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these signs early can lead to prompt intervention and prevention of complications such as urinary retention or urinary tract infections. Nurses should monitor infants for signs of post-urination dribbling, changes in urinary patterns, and abdominal discomfort to provide timely and effective care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Gender assignment involves collaboration between the parents and a multidisciplinary team. This answer is correct because gender assignment in cases of ambiguous genitalia requires a comprehensive approach involving input from healthcare providers, parents, and sometimes even psychological professionals. It is essential for parents to be involved in the decision-making process, considering the long-term implications for the child's well-being and identity. Option A is incorrect because while chromosome analysis may be part of the evaluation process, it alone does not determine gender assignment definitively. Option B is incorrect because a physical examination may not always provide a clear answer in cases of ambiguous genitalia. Option C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the process by suggesting that additional laboratory testing alone is necessary when, in fact, it is just one component of a more complex decision-making process. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of a holistic and collaborative approach when dealing with sensitive issues like gender assignment in newborns with ambiguous genitalia. It underscores the significance of involving parents in decision-making and the need for a multidisciplinary team to provide comprehensive care and support in such situations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the case of a child undergoing surgery to correct cryptorchidism, the correct answer is A) Prevent damage to the undescended testicle. Cryptorchidism refers to the condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. If left untreated, the undescended testicle is at risk for damage due to factors like increased temperature and abnormal positioning in the body. By surgically correcting cryptorchidism, the aim is to bring the testicle into the scrotum to prevent potential complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and torsion. Option B) Prevent urinary tract infections is incorrect because cryptorchidism is not directly linked to urinary tract infections. Option C) Prevent prostate cancer is incorrect as prostate cancer is not a direct concern related to cryptorchidism in childhood. Option D) Prevent an inguinal hernia is incorrect as inguinal hernias are not a primary risk associated with untreated cryptorchidism in children. From an educational standpoint, understanding the rationale behind surgical interventions for conditions like cryptorchidism is crucial for nursing care of children. Nurses need to be able to explain the reasons for procedures to parents, ensuring they have a clear understanding of the benefits and potential risks involved in their child's treatment. It is essential for nurses to provide accurate information to support families in making informed decisions regarding their child's health and well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In caring for a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) presenting with scrotal edema, the appropriate nursing intervention is to elevate the scrotum with a rolled washcloth (Option C). This intervention helps to reduce swelling by promoting lymphatic drainage and decreasing fluid accumulation in the scrotal area. Placing an ice pack (Option A) on the scrotal area is not recommended as cold therapy can potentially cause vasoconstriction, leading to decreased circulation and worsening of the edema. Placing the child in an upright sitting position (Option B) may not directly address the scrotal edema and is not the priority intervention in this case. Using a warm moist pack (Option D) can also potentially worsen the edema by increasing blood flow to the area. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the appropriate intervention is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome. Elevating the scrotum with a rolled washcloth helps to manage the edema and discomfort, promoting the child's comfort and aiding in the overall management of their condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In minimal change nephrotic syndrome, the main clinical manifestations are massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Option A includes hematuria and bacteriuria, which are not typically associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Weight gain is a common symptom due to fluid retention, but it is not included in this option. Option B mentions gross hematuria, albuminuria, and fever. While albuminuria is seen in nephrotic syndrome, gross hematuria and fever are not typical features of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Option C lists hypertension, weight loss, and proteinuria. Hypertension is not a common finding in minimal change nephrotic syndrome, and weight loss is unlikely due to the edema associated with this condition. The correct answer, Option D, accurately describes the classical triad of minimal change nephrotic syndrome, which includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia (due to loss of albumin in the urine), and edema (resulting from decreased plasma oncotic pressure due to low serum albumin levels). Understanding these clinical manifestations is crucial for nurses caring for children with nephrotic syndrome as it helps in early recognition, appropriate management, and monitoring of the condition to prevent complications like infections and thrombosis.