An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells. 2. Hypersecretion of insulin would lead to increased glucose uptake, decreasing blood sugar levels, not causing hyperglycemia. 3. Cortisol, growth hormone, and epinephrine can all contribute to hyperglycemia by increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms. 4. Therefore, insulin is the least likely hormone to cause hyperglycemia due to its role in lowering blood sugar levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxytocin is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland; it is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. ACTH, prolactin, and TSH are indeed hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Choice B is incorrect because cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands, not the gonads. Testosterone is a hormone produced by the gonads. Choice C is correct as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are indeed secretions of the gonads - estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries and testosterone from the testes. Choice D is incorrect because calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, but T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones, not hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen. Glucocorticoid is involved in sugar metabolism, mineralocorticoid in salt balance, and androgen in sex hormone regulation. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline (A) are related to the fight-or-flight response. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin (B) are involved in metabolic regulation and immune responses. ICSH, FSH, and LH (C) are reproductive hormones. So, the correct answer D is the only set that includes hormones directly related to sugar, salt, and sex.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct: 1. Growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine all raise blood glucose levels. 2. Growth hormone promotes glucose production, cortisol increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, and epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown. 3. The increase in blood glucose is essential for providing energy during stress or physical activity. 4. None of the other choices align with all three hormones' functions, making choice B the correct answer. Summary: Choices A and D are incorrect because not all three hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands or are steroids. Choice C is incorrect as these hormones do not suppress gluconeogenesis; instead, they promote processes that raise blood glucose levels.