An epidemiologist is gathering data to determine which factors may lead to disease. Which data will be gathered? (Select One that does not apply.)

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The person-place-time model suggests epidemiologists examine demographic characteristics of the community (person characteristics), geographic or environmental factors (place), and common time factors (time - or when the disease struck). Disease characteristics and health protection measures taken are not explicitly part of this model, though they may be considered in other contexts.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Relative risk (A) measures association (e.g., risk ratio in cohorts). Prevalence (B) and incidence (C) are frequencies, mortality rate (D) is deaths, not associations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An epidemic curve (A) plots cases over time to show outbreak patterns (e.g., point source). B, C, and D are unrelated.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Confounding (B) distorts exposure-outcome links via a third variable (e.g., age in smoking-lung cancer). A is causation, C is effect, D is unrelated.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Recall bias (C) is common in retrospective studies (e.g., case-control) as memory distorts past exposures. A, B, and D occur but aren’t specific.