An elderly Singapore couple is thinking of returning to India to visit distant relatives whom they have not seen for 30 years. The need for cholera immunisation is brought up for discussion. Dukoral which is a cholera vaccine, is available in Singapore.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Cholera is caused by gram positive cocci, Vibrio cholera. This answer is correct because cholera is actually caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is a gram-negative bacterium, not gram positive cocci. Understanding the specific causative agent of cholera is crucial for proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies to be implemented. Option A) Cholera remains a 'required' immunization for international travel is incorrect because cholera vaccination is usually recommended for specific high-risk populations or travelers going to areas with known cholera outbreaks, but it is not a universally required immunization for all international travel. Option B) Dukoral is given as a single injection 1 week before travel is incorrect because Dukoral, the cholera vaccine, is actually administered orally in two doses, ideally taken at least 1 week before potential exposure to cholera-causing bacteria. Option C) The protective efficacy offered by Dukoral is at least 85% is incorrect because the protective efficacy of Dukoral, while high, is not specifically set at 85%. The exact efficacy can vary based on factors like age, immune status, and other variables. In an educational context, it is important for learners to understand the specific characteristics of infectious diseases, including their causative agents, modes of transmission, and prevention strategies. This knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals to provide accurate information to patients and make informed decisions regarding travel vaccinations and public health interventions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Immunoglobulins are proteins that play a crucial role in the body's immune response. The correct answer is B) Should be stored +2-+8°C. This is because immunoglobulins are sensitive proteins that can be denatured or degraded if not stored at the proper temperature range. Storing them at +2-+8°C helps maintain their structural integrity and effectiveness. Option A) Should be protected from light is incorrect because while some medications are light-sensitive, immunoglobulins are more sensitive to temperature variations than light exposure. Option C) May between is a nonsensical answer and does not provide any relevant information related to the storage of immunoglobulins. Option D) Will tolerate room temperatures for up to one week, but should be refrigerated is incorrect because room temperatures can lead to the degradation of immunoglobulins over time. While they may tolerate room temperature for a short period, it is not ideal for long-term storage. In an educational context, understanding the proper storage conditions for immunoglobulins is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the efficacy of these important proteins when used in patient care. Proper storage practices help maintain the quality and potency of medications, preventing potential harm to patients and maximizing therapeutic outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is option D because a patient who loses their spleen is at an increased risk of severe infections, particularly from encapsulated bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Option D provides a comprehensive vaccination schedule covering these specific pathogens. Option A (Varicella vaccine) is incorrect because the loss of the spleen does not specifically increase the risk of varicella infection. Option B (Single dose of PCV 13) is incorrect as it only addresses Streptococcus pneumoniae but does not cover the other important pathogens. Educationally, it is crucial to understand the rationale behind specific vaccination recommendations for patients with splenic dysfunction to prevent life-threatening infections. Providing a detailed explanation of the correct vaccination schedule helps reinforce the importance of tailored immunization strategies based on individual patient needs and risks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question on infection control regarding the criteria for successful claims, option A is correct because the statement "The disabled person can be of any age" is a universal and inclusive criterion that does not impose any restrictions based on age. This is important in ensuring equitable access to compensation for individuals affected by vaccine-related disabilities. Option B is incorrect because specifying vaccination in any country in the European Union is not relevant to the criteria for successful claims; the focus should be on the individual's disability status rather than their vaccination history in specific geographical locations. Option C is incorrect because it imposes a specific age restriction related to immunization for polio vaccine, which is not a universal criterion for all types of claims. This could unfairly disadvantage individuals who may have been immunized after their 18th birthday but still suffered vaccine-related disabilities. Option D is also incorrect as it introduces a time constraint based on the deceased person's hypothetical age, which is not a standard or relevant criterion for evaluating the validity of a claim related to vaccine-induced disabilities. In an educational context, understanding the criteria for successful claims in infection control is crucial for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and individuals seeking compensation for vaccine-related injuries. By emphasizing the importance of non-discriminatory and relevant criteria like age neutrality (as in option A), learners can grasp the ethical and legal considerations involved in ensuring fair and effective processes for addressing vaccine-related harms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question about anthrax, the correct answer is C) Can cause cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal infections. This is because anthrax is a disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which can indeed lead to different forms of infection depending on the route of exposure. Option A is incorrect because anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, which is an aerobic, not anaerobic, bacterium. Option B is incorrect because the incubation period for anthrax can range from 1 day to more than 2 months, so stating a specific period of 2-7 days is inaccurate. Option D is incorrect because while anthrax can affect a wide range of animals, it is not limited to carnivorous animals. From an educational perspective, understanding the different manifestations of anthrax is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in infection control. Knowing that anthrax can present in various forms helps in early recognition, appropriate treatment, and effective prevention strategies. This question challenges learners to recall key details about anthrax, reinforcing their knowledge of this important infectious disease.