An appropriate nursing diagnosis for clients in the acute manic phase of bipolar disorder is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the acute manic phase of bipolar disorder, clients often exhibit behaviors that put them at a high risk for self-harm. Therefore, an appropriate nursing diagnosis for these clients would be "Risk for injury directed to self" (Option A). This is the correct answer because individuals experiencing acute mania may engage in impulsive and risky behaviors that can lead to self-injury. Option B, "Risk for injury directed to others," is incorrect in this context because individuals in the manic phase are more likely to harm themselves rather than others. It is essential for nurses to prioritize the safety of the client first. Option C, "Impaired nutrition less than body requirements," may be a concern for individuals with bipolar disorder, but it is not the most immediate or critical nursing diagnosis during the acute manic phase when the focus should be on preventing self-harm. Option D, "Ineffective individual coping," is also not the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for clients in the acute manic phase as the primary concern is ensuring the safety and preventing harm to the individual. Educationally, understanding the appropriate nursing diagnosis for clients in different phases of bipolar disorder is crucial for providing effective care. By prioritizing the identification of risks and developing appropriate care plans, nurses can better support individuals experiencing acute manic episodes and promote their overall well-being and safety.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that demonstrates inhibitory action by helping to control mood and sleep, as well as inhibiting pain pathways. Norepinephrine plays a crucial role in the body's fight-or-flight response, regulating arousal, focus, and attention. It is involved in mood regulation and stress response. By inhibiting pain pathways, norepinephrine can help reduce the perception of pain. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: A) Serotonin: While serotonin is involved in mood regulation and sleep, it is mainly associated with mood stabilization and emotional well-being, rather than inhibitory action on pain pathways. B) Enkephalin: Enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide that plays a role in pain modulation by inhibiting pain signals in the central nervous system. However, it is not primarily known for its role in mood and sleep regulation. D) Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that has excitatory functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in muscle contractions, cognitive functions, and autonomic nervous system regulation, but it is not typically associated with inhibitory actions on pain pathways or mood control. In an educational context, understanding the functions of different neurotransmitters is essential in pharmacology as it helps in comprehending how various drugs interact with the nervous system to produce desired effects. Knowledge of neurotransmitter actions is crucial for pharmacists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals when managing patients with neurological or psychiatric conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, option C, "I'll sit with you for a moment," is the most therapeutic response by the nurse. This response demonstrates empathy, active listening, and a willingness to provide support without being pushy. By offering to sit with the patient, the nurse shows understanding and a non-judgmental attitude, which can help the patient feel heard and supported. Option A, "I'll be back in an hour," may leave the patient feeling abandoned or uncared for, lacking immediate support during a vulnerable moment. Option B, "Why are you so depressed?" could come across as confrontational or dismissive of the patient's feelings, potentially leading to defensiveness or shutdown. Option D, "Call me when you feel like talking to me," puts the onus on the patient to reach out, which may not be feasible for someone struggling with depression. It's essential for nurses to offer support proactively and be present for patients in distress, as shown in the correct response (C). Educationally, this question highlights the importance of therapeutic communication in nursing practice, especially when dealing with patients experiencing mental health issues. Nurses need to develop skills in active listening, empathy, and providing emotional support to effectively care for patients' holistic well-being.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) counselor. The rationale behind this is that the mentally ill person responding positively to the nurse who is warm and caring indicates a therapeutic relationship being formed. A counselor typically demonstrates warmth, empathy, and care to establish trust and rapport with their clients, which is crucial in mental health care. Option B) mother surrogate is incorrect because it implies a more personal and familial role, rather than a professional therapeutic one. While providing care and support is essential in nursing, assuming a mother surrogate role may not always be appropriate in a therapeutic setting. Option C) therapist is incorrect because while nurses may engage in therapeutic communication and interventions, the term "therapist" typically refers to a professional with specific training in psychotherapy or counseling. Option D) socializing agent is incorrect as it pertains to a role that helps individuals adapt to social norms and behaviors, which is not the primary focus in this scenario of building a therapeutic relationship with a mentally ill person. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of therapeutic communication skills in nursing practice, especially when caring for individuals with mental health issues. Nurses must cultivate a supportive and empathetic demeanor to establish trust and facilitate positive interactions with their patients, ultimately contributing to better outcomes in mental health care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology education, understanding the importance of the therapeutic relationship between healthcare providers and patients is crucial for effective patient care. The correct answer to the question is A) Therapeutic use of self. This concept refers to the deliberate use of one's personality, insights, perceptions, and judgments as a tool to establish a therapeutic relationship with patients. Option B) Psychotherapy is incorrect as it specifically refers to a form of treatment for mental health disorders provided by trained mental health professionals, not the therapeutic relationship between a nurse and a patient in a healthcare setting. Option C) Therapeutic communication is important in healthcare but focuses more on the specific communication techniques used to establish a therapeutic relationship, rather than the nurse's understanding of their own values and beliefs. Option D) Self-awareness is related to the correct answer, but it is not as comprehensive. Self-awareness is important for healthcare professionals to understand their own biases and how they may impact patient care, but it does not encompass the deliberate use of oneself in the therapeutic relationship as the correct answer does. In an educational context, understanding the concept of therapeutic use of self is essential for nursing students and practicing nurses to provide holistic and patient-centered care. By being aware of their own values, beliefs, and prejudices, healthcare providers can better connect with patients, build trust, and provide more effective care. This knowledge also helps healthcare professionals navigate challenging situations and conflicts that may arise in the therapeutic relationship.