An anxious 12-year-old child receives an injection from the nurse and sighs with relief when it is done. After a moment of reflection, the girl asks the nurse, 'Is it hard to give someone an injection?' This child's question is evidence that the child has developed which cognitive skill?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decentering. Decentering is the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation, which the child's question demonstrates. In this scenario, the child's question shows that she is thinking beyond her own experience and considering the difficulty or complexity of giving an injection from the nurse's perspective. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Conservation refers to understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in its appearance. Accommodation is the process of adjusting existing knowledge or creating new mental categories to incorporate new information. Class inclusion involves understanding the relationship between a whole set and its subsets, which is not demonstrated in the child's question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The leading cause of death in infants younger than 1 year in the United States is congenital anomalies. This is the correct answer because congenital anomalies are abnormalities present at birth, which can impact the infant's health and survival. These anomalies can affect various organ systems and can lead to serious health complications or even death in some cases. Option B, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), is a sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, usually during sleep. While SIDS is a significant concern for infant health, it is not the leading cause of death in this age group. Option C, disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, are risk factors for various health issues in infants, but they are not the primary cause of death among infants younger than 1 year. Option D, maternal complications specific to the perinatal period, can have implications for the health of both the mother and the infant, but they are not the leading cause of death in infants. Understanding the leading causes of infant mortality is crucial for healthcare providers working with children and their families. By recognizing and addressing these risk factors, healthcare professionals can implement preventive measures and interventions to improve infant outcomes and reduce mortality rates.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of nursing care for children, understanding the major causes of death is crucial for providing effective care and education to prevent potential risks. In this case, the correct answer is C) Unintentional injuries. This is the leading cause of death for children older than 1 year in the United States. Unintentional injuries encompass a wide range of incidents such as motor vehicle accidents, drowning, burns, falls, and poisoning. Children are particularly vulnerable to these types of injuries due to their developmental stage and natural curiosity, which can lead to accidents if proper safety measures are not in place. Heart disease (option A) is more common in adults and less prevalent in children. Childhood cancer (option B) is a serious health issue but is not as common as unintentional injuries in causing death in children. Congenital anomalies (option D) refer to birth defects and are typically identified and managed early in life, often before they become life-threatening. Educationally, nurses must emphasize injury prevention strategies such as childproofing homes, using car seats and seat belts correctly, supervising children around water, and educating families on poison control measures. By understanding the primary cause of death in children older than 1 year, nurses can tailor their education and interventions to promote a safer environment for children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, the leading causes of death are suicide and homicide, making option B the correct answer. This is due to the increased prevalence of mental health issues, impulsive behavior, and exposure to violence during this developmental stage. Suicide and homicide rates are higher in this age group compared to other causes. Option A (Suicide and cancer) is incorrect because while suicide is a leading cause of death in adolescents, cancer is not as prominent in this age group. Option C (Drowning and cancer) is also incorrect as drowning is not a leading cause of death in adolescents. Option D (Homicide and heart disease) is incorrect because heart disease is more commonly seen in older age groups, not adolescents. Educationally, understanding the leading causes of death in adolescents is crucial for healthcare providers working with this population. It highlights the importance of mental health support, violence prevention, and health education targeting this age group to reduce the burden of these preventable causes of death.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) More deaths occur in males. This information is crucial to include in the teaching session to adolescents about deaths caused by unintentional injuries. It is important for adolescents to understand the epidemiology of unintentional injuries to raise awareness and promote preventive measures. By knowing that more deaths occur in males, adolescents can be educated on specific risk factors that may affect males more than females, such as engaging in riskier behaviors or participating in activities that pose a higher risk of injury. Option B) More deaths occur in females is incorrect because statistically, more deaths from unintentional injuries occur in males. Providing accurate information to adolescents is essential for them to make informed decisions and take necessary precautions to protect themselves. Option C) The pattern of deaths does not vary according to age and sex is incorrect as research has shown that there are variations in the patterns of deaths caused by unintentional injuries across different age groups and between males and females. Adolescents need to be aware of these variations to understand their own risk factors and vulnerabilities. Option D) The pattern of deaths does not vary widely among different ethnic groups is incorrect because studies have shown that there can be disparities in unintentional injury deaths among different ethnic groups. Recognizing these disparities is key to implementing targeted interventions and strategies to reduce the incidence of unintentional injuries within specific ethnic communities. In an educational context, providing adolescents with accurate and relevant information about unintentional injuries and their impact can empower them to make safer choices and advocate for injury prevention measures within their communities. Understanding the epidemiology of unintentional injuries can help adolescents become proactive in promoting safety and well-being among themselves and their peers.