An adolescent girl calls the nurse at the clinic because she had unprotected sex the night before and does not want to be pregnant. What should the nurse explain to the girl?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate option for the nurse to explain to the adolescent girl is postcoital contraception, also known as emergency contraception or the morning-after pill. Postcoital contraception is a method used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. It works by preventing or delaying ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or preventing implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The management goal for a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is to reduce the excretion of urinary protein. In this condition, there is an abnormal loss of protein in the urine due to damage in the glomeruli of the kidneys. Reducing the excretion of urinary protein helps prevent complications associated with protein loss, such as edema and hypoalbuminemia. While reducing blood pressure may be important in some cases, the primary focus for this specific condition is to address the protein leak in the urine. Increasing the excretion of urinary protein would worsen the condition, and increasing the ability of tissues to retain fluid is not the desired outcome in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: For a child with chronic renal failure, it is important to recommend a diet that is low in phosphorus. In chronic renal failure, the kidneys have difficulty filtering phosphorus from the blood, leading to high levels of phosphorus in the body. High phosphorus levels can contribute to bone problems and other complications in renal failure patients. By recommending a diet low in phosphorus, the nurse can help manage the child's condition and reduce the risk of further complications. It is also important to monitor other electrolyte levels such as calcium, potassium, and sodium, and adjust the diet accordingly to maintain proper balance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four structural defects in the heart. These include pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery), ventricular septal defect (hole in the wall that separates the two lower chambers of the heart), overriding aorta (aorta positioned directly over the ventricular septal defect), and right ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement of the right ventricle due to increased workload). Therefore, the correct combination of defects that constitute tetralogy of Fallot is pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy, which is option A.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Streptococcus viridans is the most common causative agent of bacterial endocarditis. This group of bacteria consists of various species, including S. sanguinis and S. mutans, which normally reside in the oral cavity and are commonly associated with endocarditis following dental procedures. Streptococcus viridans can enter the bloodstream due to dental work, oral infections, or trauma to the oral tissues, and cause infective endocarditis by adhering to damaged heart valves or endocardium. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species are other common pathogens associated with endocarditis, but Streptococcus viridans remains the most prevalent causative agent.