An abnormal mediolateral curvature of the vertebral column is called?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Scoliosis is an abnormal mediolateral (side-to-side) curvature of the vertebral column, forming an 'S' or 'C' shape, often idiopathic or congenital, affecting spinal alignment. Kyphosis is excessive thoracic curvature (hunchback), anteroposterior. Lordosis is exaggerated lumbar curvature (swayback), also anteroposterior. Rotation isn't a curvature type but a movement. Scoliosis's lateral deviation, diagnosable via X-ray, distinguishes it, making 'a' the correct term.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Simple squamous epithelium, a single layer of flat cells, is specialized for diffusion, as in alveoli (lungs) or capillaries, where thinness facilitates gas or nutrient exchange. Simple cuboidal focuses on secretion/absorption (e.g., kidney tubules), not primarily diffusion. Stratified squamous protects (e.g., skin), too thick for efficient diffusion. Transitional stretches (e.g., bladder), not diffusion-optimized. Simple squamous's minimal thickness and large surface area, per tissue function, make 'c' the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains blood vessels (for nutrition), nerves (for sensation), and glands, supporting skin function. The epidermis is avascular, lacking vessels/nerves. The hypodermis has some vessels but is mainly fat. Stratum corneum , the epidermis's top, is dead cells. The dermis's vascular and neural richness, per skin anatomy, makes 'b' correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Flat bones, like cranial bones (e.g., parietal), are thin, broad, and protective, forming the skull's vault. Long bones are limbs (e.g., femur), short bones are wrist/ankle (e.g., carpals), and irregular bones are vertebrae. Flat bones' shape and protective role, per skeletal anatomy, make 'c' correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The sternum, or breastbone, is part of the axial skeleton, anchoring ribs to protect thoracic organs. Humerus and femur are appendicular (limbs). Scapula is pectoral girdle, appendicular. Sternum's axial role, per skeletal framework, makes 'c' correct.