An 18-year-old college student is hanging shelves in his dorm room. He accidently hits his thumb with the hammer, which subsequently becomes swollen and red. He takes some acetaminophen for the pain. Many proteins are activated in response to injury leading to inflammation. Which of the following proteins is a transcription factor?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: NF-κB (D) is a transcription factor, activated in inflammation (e.g., thumb injury), translocating to the nucleus to upregulate genes (e.g., cytokines) driving swelling/redness. COX-2 (A) is an enzyme (prostaglandin synthesis). HAT (B) is a histone acetyltransferase, not a direct factor. IκB (C) inhibits NF-κB. iNOS (original E) produces nitric oxide. NF-κB's role amplifies inflammation, indirectly reduced by acetaminophen's COX inhibition, a key molecular link in pain/inflammatory pathways.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Dobutamine (C) has a half-life (~2 min) mirroring its short-lived inotropic effect, used in acute heart failure. Salbutamol (A) has a longer duration (~4-6 h) than its half-life (~4 h). Phenelzine (B) is an irreversible MAOI, with effects outlasting its half-life. Omeprazole (D) inhibits pumps long-term despite a short half-life. Cyclophosphamide (original E) has prolonged effects via metabolites. Dobutamine's tight pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic link ensures rapid titration, critical in ICU settings, unlike drugs with dissociated durations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oestrogens (A) undergo significant enterohepatic circulation, with hepatic conjugates excreted in bile, reabsorbed after gut hydrolysis (e.g., ethinylestradiol), prolonging effects. Atenolol (B) and gentamicin (D) are renally cleared. Rifampicin (C) is biliary but less recycled. Levofloxacin (original E) is renal. This recycling, critical in estrogen pharmacokinetics, extends half-life, impacts oral contraceptive efficacy, and increases drug exposure, a unique elimination pathway.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Buprenorphine (D) is effective sublingually, bypassing first-pass metabolism for analgesia (e.g., in addiction). Simvastatin (A), carbamazepine (B), and ramipril (C) are oral, not sublingual. Glyceryl trinitrate (original E) is also correct but D is chosen. Sublingual delivery, rapid and hepatic-avoidant, suits buprenorphine's pharmacokinetics, critical for pain or opioid management, enhancing onset.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Isoniazid (D) undergoes phase II acetylation by NAT enzymes, forming acetyl-isoniazid, influenced by acetylator status (fast/slow). Dapsone (A) is correct too but D is chosen. Ciclosporin (B) uses CYP3A. Gentamicin (C) is renally excreted. Hydralazine (original E) is acetylated too. Acetylation, critical in TB therapy, alters isoniazid's toxicity (e.g., neuropathy), a key pharmacogenetic factor, distinguishing phase II from phase I metabolism.