Among 653 university students aged 18 to 24 from across Canada who reported having penile–vaginal intercourse in the previous three months, more women chose ________than _____________ as their preferred method of contraception.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) oral contraception; condoms. In the context of contraception among university students aged 18 to 24, more women choosing oral contraception over condoms as their preferred method can be attributed to several factors. Oral contraception, such as birth control pills, offers women a high level of efficacy when used correctly, providing them with a sense of control over their reproductive health. It also offers additional benefits beyond contraception, such as regulating menstrual cycles and reducing menstrual cramps. On the other hand, condoms are often seen as a barrier method that may disrupt spontaneity during sexual activity. They also rely on consistent and correct usage to be effective in preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, which may not always be guaranteed in a young adult population. In an educational context, understanding the preferences and considerations that influence contraceptive choices among young adults is crucial for healthcare providers and educators. It highlights the importance of providing comprehensive information about different contraceptive methods, their efficacy, side effects, and how they align with individual preferences and lifestyles. This knowledge empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their sexual health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) It is taken daily throughout the menstrual cycle. The minipill, also known as the progestin-only pill, differs from combination oral contraceptives in that it contains only progestin and is taken continuously without a hormone-free interval. Option A) It is taken for 21 days of the menstrual cycle, then discontinued for 7 days, is incorrect as this describes the regimen for combination oral contraceptives, not the minipill. Option C) It is discontinued once menstruation starts is incorrect as the minipill is taken daily regardless of menstruation. Option D) It is taken for 28 days, then discontinued for 7 days is incorrect as this again describes the regimen for combination oral contraceptives. Educationally, understanding the dosing regimen of different oral contraceptives is crucial for healthcare providers to effectively counsel patients on proper usage to ensure contraceptive efficacy. Knowing the specific characteristics of the minipill, such as its daily continuous intake, helps in providing accurate information to patients seeking contraception options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) The pill should not be taken by women with a history of circulatory problems or stroke. This statement is true because hormonal contraceptives, including the contraceptive pill, can increase the risk of blood clots, which may pose a higher risk for women with a history of circulatory problems or stroke. Option B) The pill appears to increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is incorrect. In fact, the use of oral contraceptives has been associated with a reduced risk of PID by thickening cervical mucus and inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the reproductive tract. Option C) The pill helps to protect women against STIs is incorrect. The contraceptive pill does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Only barrier methods such as condoms can provide protection against STIs. Option D) The main disadvantage of the pill is that it reduces sexual sensations is incorrect. While some women may experience changes in libido or sexual sensations while taking the pill, this is not a universal side effect and does not represent the main disadvantage of oral contraceptives. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers and individuals to have accurate information about contraceptive methods to make informed decisions about their reproductive health. Understanding the risks and benefits of different contraceptive options, including the contraceptive pill, is essential for promoting safe and effective contraception.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and oral contraceptives, it is important to understand the potential side effects that may occur. The correct answer is D) headaches. Headaches are a commonly reported side effect of oral contraceptive use, and can vary in intensity and frequency among individuals. This is due to the hormonal changes induced by the contraceptives, which can impact blood vessels and lead to headaches. Option A) weight loss is less likely to be a side effect of oral contraceptives. In fact, some individuals may experience weight gain due to fluid retention or hormonal changes. Option B) facial acne can be a side effect of oral contraceptives, particularly in the initial stages of use. However, it is not as common as headaches. Option C) hair growth is not a typical side effect of oral contraceptives. In fact, some contraceptives are prescribed to manage conditions like hirsutism (excessive hair growth). Educationally, understanding the side effects of medications like oral contraceptives is crucial for healthcare providers to inform and support patients. By being aware of potential side effects, providers can better monitor and manage patient care, as well as address any concerns or issues that may arise during contraceptive use.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of combination pills for contraception, estrogen can increase bloating by causing fluid retention. Estrogen has the potential to promote sodium and water retention in the body, leading to bloating as a side effect. This mechanism is why option A is the correct answer. Option B, an increase in appetite, is not directly related to estrogen's impact on bloating. Estrogen's effect on appetite regulation can vary among individuals but is not the primary reason for bloating in this case. Option C, the development of more muscle mass, is not typically associated with estrogen in the context of combination pills. Estrogen's role in muscle mass development is more complex and does not directly lead to bloating. Option D, a slower metabolism, is also not the primary reason for bloating caused by estrogen in combination pills. While hormonal changes can affect metabolism, bloating due to fluid retention is a separate mechanism. Understanding the side effects and mechanisms of action of different contraceptive methods is crucial for healthcare providers and pharmacology students. Knowing how estrogen in combination pills can lead to fluid retention and bloating helps in counseling patients about potential side effects and managing their expectations.