Although melanoma is relatively rare in children, some risk factors may increase its incidence. All the following are risk factors for development of melanoma EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric melanoma risk factors, the correct answer is option B) dark-skinned child. Melanoma is more commonly associated with fair-skinned individuals due to their reduced ability to produce protective melanin in response to UV radiation exposure. Dark-skinned individuals have more melanin, which provides some level of protection against melanoma development. Option A) positive family history of melanoma is a well-known risk factor as genetic predisposition can play a role in the development of melanoma. Option C) hairy nevus and option D) dysplastic nevus are also risk factors as these types of moles can potentially transform into melanoma. Educationally, understanding pediatric melanoma risk factors is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. By recognizing these risk factors, healthcare professionals can educate families on preventive measures, conduct regular screenings, and facilitate early detection and treatment if necessary. Emphasizing the significance of risk factors like family history and specific types of moles can help in identifying children at higher risk for melanoma and taking appropriate actions to mitigate that risk.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Neuroblastoma, a common childhood cancer, can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, which are conditions caused by the production of hormones or antibodies by the tumor. In this question, option B, cerebellar ataxia and increased body coordination, is the correct answer as it is not typically associated with paraneoplastic syndromes seen in neuroblastoma. Uncontrollable jerking movements (option A) can be seen in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, unilateral ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis (option C) can be seen in Horner syndrome, and profound secretory diarrhea (option D) can be a manifestation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secretion, all of which can be paraneoplastic syndromes associated with neuroblastoma. Educationally, understanding the various paraneoplastic syndromes associated with neuroblastoma is crucial for pediatric critical care nurses as they care for children with this condition. Recognizing these syndromes can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric oncology, understanding the risk factors associated with hepatoblastoma is crucial for early detection and management. In this question, the correct answer is D) Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is not a known risk factor for hepatoblastoma. The etiology of hepatoblastoma remains largely unknown, but certain genetic syndromes like Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome are well-established risk factors. Prematurity has also been associated with an increased risk of hepatoblastoma development. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the risk factors for hepatoblastoma in pediatric patients. By understanding these risk factors, healthcare providers can be vigilant in monitoring at-risk children and potentially diagnosing hepatoblastoma at an earlier, more treatable stage. It also underscores the need for ongoing research to elucidate the underlying causes of hepatoblastoma and improve prevention strategies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate nursing action to meet the emotional needs of a dying 10-year-old patient is to answer questions honestly and frankly (Option A). This approach is crucial in providing the child with accurate information about their condition, fostering trust, and helping them process their emotions. Option B, avoiding interruptions by coordinating nursing actions, is not as effective in addressing the emotional needs of a dying child. While coordination is important, it does not directly address the child's need for honesty and emotional support. Option C, encouraging the patient to write in a journal, may be a helpful coping mechanism for some children; however, in this critical situation, direct communication and support from the nursing staff are more immediate and necessary. Option D, providing opportunities for the patient to interact with children of the same age, may not be appropriate for a child who is actively dying. While social interaction is important, addressing the child's emotional needs in a more direct and individualized manner is crucial in this context. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of effective communication, honesty, and emotional support in pediatric palliative care. Nurses play a vital role in providing compassionate care and addressing the unique emotional needs of pediatric patients facing life-limiting illnesses. By understanding and implementing best practices in pediatric palliative care, nurses can help support both the child and their family during this difficult time.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) 4 months. At around 4 months of age, infants develop the ability to visually track and focus on objects, reach out to grasp them, and bring them to their mouths. This milestone is part of their normal development and is known as the "hands to mouth" reflex. Infants explore the world through their senses, including touch and taste, which is why bringing objects to their mouths is a common behavior at this stage. Option B) 5 months is incorrect because by 5 months, infants typically have already developed the ability to grasp and bring objects to their mouths. Option C) 6 months and Option D) 7 months are also incorrect as infants generally achieve this milestone earlier, around 4 to 5 months of age. Understanding the developmental milestones in infants is essential for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers to assess a child's growth and development accurately. Recognizing when an infant should be able to perform certain tasks helps in early identification of any developmental delays or issues that may require intervention or further evaluation. By knowing these milestones, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate support and guidance to families to promote optimal development in children.