Although melanoma is relatively rare in children, some risk factors may increase its incidence. All the following are risk factors for development of melanoma EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric CCRN practice, understanding risk factors for melanoma in children is crucial for early detection and management. The correct answer is B) dark-skinned child. Melanoma is predominantly seen in fair-skinned individuals with a history of sun exposure. Dark skin has more melanin, providing natural protection against UV radiation, hence reducing the risk of melanoma. A) A positive family history of melanoma is a well-established risk factor due to genetic predisposition. Individuals with a family history are at a higher risk of developing melanoma themselves. C) A hairy nevus, also known as a congenital mole, is a risk factor for melanoma due to the presence of a higher number of melanocytes. These moles have a potential for malignant transformation. D) Dysplastic nevus, or atypical mole, is considered a risk factor for melanoma as these moles exhibit irregular features that may progress to melanoma. Educationally, it is important to teach healthcare providers to recognize these risk factors to conduct thorough assessments and provide appropriate education to patients and families about sun protection and regular skin checks. Early identification and intervention can significantly impact the prognosis of pediatric melanoma cases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric CCRN practice questions, understanding neuroblastoma and its associated paraneoplastic syndromes is crucial for nurses working with pediatric patients. In this question, the correct answer is B) cerebellar ataxia and increased body coordination. This is because cerebellar ataxia is a common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastoma, leading to issues with coordination and movement. Option A) uncontrollable jerking movements could be associated with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, a paraneoplastic syndrome seen in neuroblastoma. Option C) unilateral ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis are symptoms of Horner syndrome, which can be seen in neuroblastoma. Option D) profound secretory diarrhea is a characteristic of VIPoma syndrome, another paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastoma. By understanding the specific paraneoplastic syndromes linked to neuroblastoma, nurses can monitor and manage symptoms effectively, ensuring better outcomes for pediatric patients. This knowledge also highlights the importance of holistic care and multidisciplinary approaches in pediatric oncology nursing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is not an associated risk factor for the development of hepatoblastoma. A) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a known risk factor for hepatoblastoma as it is associated with overgrowth conditions that can lead to cancer development. B) Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome is also a risk factor as individuals with this genetic condition have an increased risk of developing various types of cancers, including hepatoblastoma. C) Prematurity has been identified as a risk factor for hepatoblastoma, although the exact mechanism is not fully understood, premature infants may have a higher risk possibly due to their underdeveloped organs. Educationally, understanding the risk factors associated with hepatoblastoma is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers working with children. This knowledge can aid in early identification, timely intervention, and appropriate counseling of families at risk. Hepatitis C, although a serious liver condition, is not linked to hepatoblastoma, highlighting the importance of accurate risk factor assessment in pediatric oncology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate nursing action is option A) answer questions honestly and frankly. When caring for a dying 10-year-old patient, honesty and transparency are crucial in building trust and addressing their emotional needs. Children, even when facing difficult circumstances like death, value honesty and deserve to have their questions answered truthfully in an age-appropriate manner. Option B) to avoid interruptions by coordinating nursing actions might be important in the care of a critically ill patient, but in this case, emotional support and communication take precedence over task coordination. Option C) encouraging the patient to write in a journal is a good therapeutic intervention for some children, but in this context, direct communication and support from the nurse are more immediate and impactful. Option D) providing opportunities for the patient to interact with children of the same age could be beneficial in some cases, but when a child is facing death, their emotional needs are best met through open and honest communication with supportive adults. In an educational context, it's important for nurses to understand the unique needs of pediatric patients, especially when dealing with sensitive topics like death. Providing age-appropriate emotional support and communication is essential in helping children cope with difficult situations and ensuring their emotional well-being is prioritized.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) 4 months. At around 4 months of age, infants develop the ability to visually track objects, reach out to grasp them, and bring them to their mouths as part of their developing hand-eye coordination and motor skills. This milestone is a crucial aspect of early infant development as it signifies the beginning of intentional interaction with the environment. Option B) 5 months is incorrect because by 5 months, infants typically have already mastered the ability to reach and bring objects to their mouths, making this skill more characteristic of the 4-month milestone. Option C) 6 months is incorrect as by this age, infants have usually progressed to more advanced motor skills such as sitting independently and beginning to eat solid foods. The ability to see an object, grasp it, and bring it to the mouth typically occurs earlier in development. Option D) 7 months is also incorrect as infants at this age are usually exploring their environment through crawling and may have started to pull themselves up to stand, indicating further progression in their motor skills beyond the grasping and bringing objects to the mouth stage. Understanding these developmental milestones is crucial for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers working with infants to monitor their growth and development effectively. By recognizing when these skills typically emerge, professionals can identify potential developmental delays early and provide appropriate interventions to support the child's optimal development.