All these drug groups useful in angina both decrease myocardial oxygen requirement (by decreasing the determinations of oxygen demand) and increase myocardial oxygen delivery (by reversing coronary arterial spasm), EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nitrates and calcium channel blockers reduce oxygen demand (via preload/afterload reduction) and increase oxygen delivery (via vasodilation/spasm relief). Beta-blockers reduce oxygen demand (via decreased heart rate and contractility) but do not reverse coronary spasm. Potassium channel openers like Minoxidil are vasodilators but are not primarily used in angina.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Noradrenalin (norepinephrine) increases cardiac output via beta-1 adrenergic stimulation (inotropic and chronotropic effects) alongside its alpha-mediated vasoconstriction. Methyldopa lowers blood pressure, Phenylephrine is a pure vasoconstrictor, and Angiotensinamide primarily raises pressure via vasoconstriction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of nursing pharmacology, understanding the drugs that influence cerebral blood flow is crucial for safe and effective patient care. The correct answer is D) All the above because all three options - Ca-channel blockers, derivatives of GABA, and derivatives of Vinca minor plant - have the potential to impact cerebral blood flow through different mechanisms. Ca-channel blockers are known to dilate blood vessels, including those in the brain, thus affecting cerebral blood flow. Derivatives of GABA, such as benzodiazepines, can also impact cerebral blood flow by modulating neurotransmitter activity. Additionally, derivatives of Vinca minor plant, like vincristine, can alter cerebral blood flow through their effects on microtubule function. Option A) Ca-channel blockers directly affect blood vessel diameter, influencing cerebral blood flow. Option B) Derivatives of GABA act on neurotransmitters that can indirectly affect cerebral blood flow. Option C) Derivatives of Vinca minor plant impact microtubule function, which can also alter cerebral blood flow. In an educational context, understanding the effects of different drug classes on cerebral blood flow is essential for nurses to anticipate potential side effects, drug interactions, and therapeutic outcomes in patients. This knowledge enables nurses to provide safe medication administration, monitor for adverse reactions, and collaborate effectively with healthcare teams to optimize patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Sumatriptan. Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist that is specifically used for the treatment of acute migraine attacks. It works by constricting blood vessels in the brain and blocking the release of certain natural substances that cause pain, nausea, and other symptoms of migraine. Option A) Paracetamol is a common pain reliever and fever reducer, but it is not typically used as a first-line treatment for acute migraine attacks. Option C) Ergotamine is an older medication used for migraines, but it has more side effects and is not as commonly prescribed due to the availability of newer, more effective treatments like sumatriptan. Option D) Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent used to treat nausea and vomiting, not specifically migraines. Educationally, understanding the specific pharmacological treatments for different conditions is crucial for nursing practice. Knowing which medications are indicated for certain conditions, like migraines, can help nurses provide safe and effective care to their patients. It is important to be familiar with the mechanism of action, common uses, and potential side effects of medications to make informed clinical decisions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Mammary gland. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in lactation and breast development in females. The mammary gland is the specific target organ where prolactin exerts its primary effects, stimulating milk production and maintaining lactation. Option A) Liver is incorrect because the liver is not a target organ for prolactin. The liver primarily plays a role in metabolism, detoxification, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. Option B) Adrenal cortex is incorrect as it is not a target organ for prolactin. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones, but not prolactin. Option C) Thyroid is also incorrect as it is not a target organ for prolactin. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and growth, but it is not involved in prolactin function. Educationally, understanding the target organs of hormones like prolactin is crucial for nursing pharmacology. This knowledge helps nurses anticipate and manage potential side effects or complications related to hormonal imbalances. Understanding the specific actions of hormones on target organs is essential for providing safe and effective patient care, especially in scenarios involving lactation, reproductive health, and endocrine disorders.