All the following regarding UTI are true EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: UTIs are common in women, less so in older men, and occur in community/hospital settings, but E. coli (not Streptococcus pyogenes) is the commonest cause (>80%). This exception distinguishes UTI microbiology, vital for treatment, contrasting with streptococcal dominance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Podocytes have processes, filaments, and form the filtration barrier not part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (macula densa, JG cells). This distinguishes podocyte function, critical for filtration, contrasting with JGA regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gluconeogenesis uses lactate, α-ketoglutarate, and glycerol not acetyl CoA (enters Krebs, no net glucose). This distinguishes gluconeogenic substrates, key for fasting metabolism, contrasting with irreversible pathways.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Increasing cystine solubility (e.g., via alkalinization, fluids) is first-line for cystine stones raises pH above 7, reducing precipitation. Acidification worsens solubility opposite effect. Lowering sodium aids calcium stones, not cystine irrelevant. Intestinal binding isn't a strategy cystine is renal. Solubility enhancement distinguishes cystine prevention, key to managing this genetic defect, unlike counterproductive, unrelated, or non-existent approaches.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: 47 XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) is the most common genetic male infertility cause extra X disrupts spermatogenesis, causing azoospermia. 47 XYY (Jacob's) rarely affects fertility normal testes. 45 XO (Turner's) is female, not male irrelevant. 46 XY is normal male karyotype no infertility link. Klinefelter's chromosomal excess distinguishes it, critical for genetic infertility, unlike rare, female, or normal variants.