All the following may cause hirsutism EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions, understanding the potential causes of hirsutism is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. Hirsutism, the abnormal growth of hair in areas where hair growth is normally minimal or absent, can be caused by various factors, including medications. The correct answer, option B (acetazolamide), does not typically cause hirsutism. Acetazolamide is a diuretic primarily used to treat glaucoma and altitude sickness, and it is not commonly associated with hirsutism as a side effect. Option A (hydrochlorothiazide) is a diuretic that can cause hirsutism as a side effect due to its hormonal effects on the body. Option C (cyclophosphamide) is a chemotherapy drug that can lead to hirsutism as a side effect, as it can disrupt normal cell growth processes, affecting hair growth. Option D (anabolic steroids) are known to cause hirsutism due to their androgenic effects, leading to excessive hair growth. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of medications commonly used in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to anticipate and manage potential complications. By knowing which medications may cause hirsutism, nurses can monitor patients effectively, report any concerning symptoms to the healthcare team, and provide appropriate education to patients and families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: An imperforate hymen is a congenital condition where the hymen completely obstructs the vaginal opening, leading to menstrual blood accumulation in the vagina. The correct answer, option D, stating that it cannot be diagnosed in the newborn period, is accurate. Imperforate hymen is typically not diagnosed at birth because it does not present with immediate symptoms. Option A, stating an incidence of approximately 1 in 1,000, is a common occurrence in clinical practice, making it a plausible statement. Option B, normal secondary sex characters, is incorrect as imperforate hymen can lead to cyclic abdominal pain and distension due to the retention of menstrual blood. Option C, stating it is more often diagnosed at the time of menarche, is also incorrect as symptoms may present earlier, such as cyclic abdominal pain or urinary retention. Educationally, it is crucial for pediatric nurses to understand the signs and symptoms of imperforate hymen to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention. By recognizing the condition promptly, healthcare providers can prevent complications such as hematocolpos or hematometra. Nurses should educate both patients and caregivers about the importance of seeking medical attention for any abnormal genital symptoms to ensure timely management and prevent long-term consequences.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) None of the above. The patient's presentation with fever, chills, myalgias, red urine, elevated BUN, creatinine, positive hemoglobin, and the presence of WBCs and RBCs in the urine are indicative of acute kidney injury (AKI) rather than any of the specific conditions listed in the options. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis typically presents with edema, hypertension, and cola-colored urine following a streptococcal infection, which is not evident in this case. Lupus nephritis is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and would present with a history of autoimmune symptoms and characteristic lupus rash, which are not described here. Nephrotic syndrome usually presents with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia, none of which are mentioned in the patient's presentation. This case highlights the importance of considering a broad range of differential diagnoses based on the patient's clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and associated symptoms. It also underscores the need for a thorough assessment and interpretation of patient data to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. Understanding the distinguishing features of various genitourinary conditions in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses to deliver effective care and interventions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Alport syndrome. Alport syndrome is an inherited disorder affecting the glomerular basement membrane, leading to renal failure, sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular abnormalities like cataracts, which align with the patient's symptoms. The family history of renal issues further supports this diagnosis. Option A) Berger nephropathy is characterized by IgA deposition in the kidney, typically presenting with episodes of gross hematuria following upper respiratory infections, which is not consistent with the patient’s symptoms. Option B) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) can present with renal involvement causing hematuria, but the accompanying symptoms of cataracts and sensorineural hearing loss are not typical of SLE. Option D) Fanconi syndrome is a proximal renal tubular dysfunction leading to aminoaciduria, glycosuria, and phosphaturia, which do not correlate with the patient’s presentation of hematuria, cataracts, and hearing loss. Understanding pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions involves recognizing patterns of symptoms, understanding genetic predispositions, and linking clinical manifestations to specific diagnoses. Alport syndrome is a crucial differential to consider in a child with hematuria, especially when accompanied by cataracts and sensorineural hearing loss, as seen in this scenario. This question reinforces the importance of comprehensive patient assessment and knowledge of pediatric renal conditions for effective nursing interventions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding the sources of E. coli organisms related to hemolytic uremic syndrome is crucial for effective intervention. The correct answer, A) fomites, is the right choice because E. coli responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources, not through inanimate objects like fomites. Option B) meat is incorrect because E. coli can be present in undercooked meat, especially ground beef. Option C) apple cider is incorrect as E. coli outbreaks have been linked to unpasteurized apple cider. Option D) swimming pools is also incorrect as E. coli can survive in water contaminated with feces. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the sources of E. coli infections in pediatric patients. Nurses need to be vigilant in educating families about food safety, proper meat preparation, avoiding unpasteurized beverages, and practicing good hygiene to prevent the transmission of E. coli and subsequent hemolytic uremic syndrome. Understanding these sources can help nurses provide targeted interventions and education to prevent infections in pediatric patients.