All the following are true associations between psychiatric illness in childhood and their treatment EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric psychiatry, it is crucial to understand the appropriate associations between psychiatric illnesses in children and their treatments to provide safe and effective care. In this question, the correct answer is D) psychosis and typical antipsychotic. The rationale behind this is that typical antipsychotics are generally not recommended for use in pediatric patients due to their higher risk of adverse effects, particularly extrapyramidal symptoms. Instead, atypical antipsychotics are preferred in the treatment of psychosis in children due to their more favorable side effect profile. Regarding the incorrect options: A) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly treated with atomoxetine, a non-stimulant medication. B) Anxiety disorders are typically managed with therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy and sometimes with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), not with antidepressants in general. C) Aggression in children may be addressed with atypical antipsychotics, not typical antipsychotics, due to their improved tolerability and safety profile in this population. Educationally, understanding these associations is vital for nurses and healthcare providers working with pediatric patients to ensure the safe and appropriate management of psychiatric conditions in children, considering factors such as age, potential side effects, and evidence-based practices in pediatric psychiatry.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) absence of routines. Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by repetitive behaviors and routines, so the absence of routines would not be a characteristic feature of ASD. A) Defective social communication is a characteristic feature of ASD. Children with ASD may struggle with social interactions and communication skills. B) Highly restricted fixated interests are a common feature of ASD. Individuals with ASD often have intense interests in specific topics and may engage in repetitive behaviors related to those interests. C) Scarce gesture use is also a characteristic feature of ASD. Children with ASD may have difficulties using gestures to communicate or express themselves. Educational context: Understanding the characteristics of ASD is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. Recognizing these features can help in early identification, intervention, and support for children with ASD. By differentiating between typical and atypical behaviors, healthcare providers can provide more effective care and support for children with ASD and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate explanation for the child's behavior is option D) night terror. Night terrors are common in children and typically occur during non-REM sleep. Children experiencing night terrors may appear awake but are actually in a state of partial arousal, often displaying intense fear and confusion. Option A) acute phobic hallucination is incorrect because phobic hallucinations involve irrational fears related to specific objects or situations, not the sensation of a snake crawling over the body. Option B) early sign of schizophrenia is also incorrect as schizophrenia typically presents in late adolescence or early adulthood, not in young children. Option C) delusional infestation is unrelated to the child's symptoms and refers to a psychiatric condition where individuals believe they are infested with parasites. Educationally, understanding common childhood sleep disturbances like night terrors is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the difference between benign conditions like night terrors and more serious mental health disorders is essential for accurate assessment and appropriate management of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) maternal hypertensive and renal vascular disease. Fetal pulmonary maturation is crucial for the baby's ability to breathe air outside the womb. Maternal hypertensive and renal vascular diseases can lead to inadequate blood flow to the placenta, which in turn can impact fetal lung development. Option A) hydrops fetalis is incorrect because it is a condition where the fetus accumulates excessive fluid, affecting multiple organ systems but not specifically linked to delayed pulmonary maturation. Option B) severe premature separation of the placenta is incorrect as it is associated with placental insufficiency and potential fetal distress but not directly related to pulmonary maturation delay. Option C) premature rupture of the fetal membranes can lead to preterm birth and potential complications for the baby, but it is not directly linked to delayed pulmonary maturation. Educationally, understanding the factors that can impact fetal development, such as maternal health conditions, is essential for nurses caring for pregnant women and infants. Recognizing how these conditions can affect specific aspects of fetal growth and development is crucial for providing optimal care and support to both mother and baby.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the neonatal period, vomiting is a common issue that can arise due to various reasons. In this scenario, the correct answer is option C) overfeeding. Neonates have small stomach capacities and immature gastrointestinal systems, making them more prone to vomiting if overfed. Overfeeding can overwhelm their digestive capacity, leading to regurgitation of milk. Option A) pyloric stenosis is a condition where the muscle at the opening between the stomach and the small intestine thickens, causing vomiting, but this typically presents a bit later in infancy, usually around 2-8 weeks of age. Option B) milk allergy can cause symptoms like vomiting, but it is less common in the neonatal period compared to overfeeding. Option D) an inborn error of metabolism usually presents with symptoms beyond just vomiting, such as failure to thrive, seizures, or metabolic crises, and is less likely to be the cause of isolated vomiting in the neonatal period. Understanding the reasons behind neonatal vomiting is crucial for healthcare providers working with infants to appropriately assess, diagnose, and manage their conditions. Overfeeding is a common issue that can be easily addressed through education on proper feeding techniques, feeding cues, and appropriate feeding volumes, helping to prevent unnecessary distress for both the infant and caregivers.