All the following are true about defense mechanisms except:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationalization is a rare defense mechanism , which is false. Rationalization justifying behavior with excusis common, not rare, per Freudian and clinical observations. Choice A is true; reaction formation flips impuls(e.g., hate to love). Choice B is correct; intolerable anxiety triggers defenses. Choice D is accurate; denial is frequent in cancer patients facing diagnosis. is true; projection attributfeelings to others. Cs falsehood rationalizations prevalence in everyday excus(e.g., I didnt want it anyway) contrasts with the established rolof A, B, D, E, making it the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased spinal reflex, which is false. REM sleep featurmotor inhibition (atonia), reducing spinal reflexto prevent acting out dreams, per polysomnography. Choice A is true; cerebral blood flow rises, supporting brain activity. Choice B is correct; temperature increasslightly. Choice C is accurate; EEG shows desynchronized, rapid waves. Choice D is true; vivid dreams define REM. falsehood reflexdecrease, as in REM atonia preventing movement contrasts with the active brain statof A-D, making it the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Dopamine is involved in the etiology of Schizophrenia . Excess dopamine in mesolimbic pathways contributto schizophrenias positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations), per the dopamine hypothesis. Choice A is false; GABA is inhibitory. Choice C is incorrect; tryptophan forms serotonin, not acetylcholine (choline is its precursor). Choice D is wrong; acetylcholine acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. is false; H1 histamine affects arousal, not vascular tone (H2 does). Bs truth dopaminrole, validated by antipsychotics contrasts with the biochemical errors of A, C, D, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Realization , which is not a defense mechanism. Realization is conscious awareness, not a protective process. Choice A (regression) reverts to childish behavior; B (reaction formation) flips impulses; C (repression) burithoughts justifiactions all Freudian defenses. Unconscious distortion, makes itthe exception. Per psychoanalytic theory, defensmitigate anxiety, while realization reflects insight, not protection, making D the correct answer.