All the following are treatment options for breath-holding spells EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Breath-holding spells, benign events, are managed with reassurance , iron therapy for anemia-related cases, and atropine rarely for pallid spells. Antiepileptic drugs are ineffective, as spells arent seizures. This mechanistic mismatch makes D the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spastic quadriplegia is the most severe CP, affecting all limbs, trunk, and often cognition, from extensive brain damage (e.g., HIE). Diplegia spararms; hemiplegia one side; athetoid and dyskinetic focus on movement. Quadriplegias scope make B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the leading cause of childhood hemorrhagic stroke, per AHA data, due to fragile vessel rupture. Moyamoya , thrombosis , HUS , and ITP are less common. AVM prevalence make B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Tuberculous meningitis rarely shows organisms on CSF smear (acid-fast bacilli) due to low bacterial load, needing culture/PCR. Bacterial (B-C), fungal , and amebic meningitis often reveal organisms. TBs diagnostic challenge makes A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Dexamethasone in H. flu meningitis reducfever , CSF protein , lactate , and hearing loss , per trials (e.g., Cochrane). Mortality is not significantly lowered; benefits focus on morbidity. This outcome gap makes C the exception and correct answer.