All the following are risk factors for urinary tract infection EXCEPT

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding genitourinary disorders is crucial for nursing practice. In this NCLEX question, the correct answer is A) male gender. This is because females have a higher risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to a shorter urethra, facilitating the entry of bacteria into the bladder. Option B) tight clothing (underwear) can increase the risk of UTIs by creating a warm, moist environment that promotes bacterial growth. Option C) pinworm infestation is associated with perianal itching but does not directly increase the risk of UTIs. Option D) poor toilet training may contribute to UTIs due to improper hygiene practices, but it is not a direct risk factor like being male. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding risk factors for UTIs in pediatric patients. Nurses need to be aware of gender-specific risks, hygiene practices, and environmental factors that can predispose children to genitourinary infections. By mastering this knowledge, nurses can provide effective patient education and preventive care to reduce the incidence of UTIs in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary disorders, understanding the grading of antenatal hydronephrosis is crucial. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) ureteropelvic junction obstruction. This condition is a common cause of antenatal hydronephrosis, where there is an obstruction at the junction of the ureter and the renal pelvis. This obstruction leads to dilation of the renal pelvis, resulting in hydronephrosis. Option A) vesicoureteral reflux involves the backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureters and kidneys, which can lead to hydronephrosis but is not the most likely cause in this context. Option C) transient hydronephrosis refers to a temporary dilation of the renal pelvis, often resolving on its own without intervention. It is not typically graded based on the trimester and antero-posterior diameter. Option D) posterior urethral valve is a congenital condition affecting male infants where there is an obstruction of the urethra, leading to hydronephrosis and other complications. While it can cause hydronephrosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction is more commonly associated with the grading criteria mentioned in the question. Educationally, understanding the different causes of antenatal hydronephrosis and their characteristic features is essential for pediatric nurses and healthcare providers to provide appropriate care and interventions for infants with genitourinary issues. Recognizing the most likely cause based on grading criteria helps in timely diagnosis and management, leading to better outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding genitourinary disorders is crucial for nursing practice. Classic bladder exstrophy is a congenital anomaly where the bladder is exposed and protruding through the abdominal wall. The correct answer, option D, posteriorly displaced anus, is characteristic of bladder exstrophy. This condition is often associated with other anomalies like epispadias, not hypospadias as in option A. Additionally, bladder exstrophy does not affect gait, so option B, narrow-based gait, is incorrect. While upper urinary tract abnormalities can be present, the primary characteristic of bladder exstrophy is the exposed bladder, making option C incorrect. Educationally, learning to differentiate between various genitourinary disorders is essential for nursing students preparing for the NCLEX exam. Understanding the unique clinical manifestations of bladder exstrophy, such as the posteriorly displaced anus, helps in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This knowledge ensures safe and effective care for pediatric patients with complex genitourinary conditions. Remembering these specific details can also aid in prompt identification and referral to specialists for further evaluation and treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary disorders, a staccato urinary stream is a symptom that can indicate posterior urethral valves (PUV), making option D the correct answer. PUV is a congenital condition where there are abnormal flaps of tissue in the urethra, obstructing the flow of urine. This obstruction leads to a characteristic staccato or interrupted urinary stream in affected infants and young children. Option A, hypospadias, is a condition where the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. This does not typically cause a staccato urinary stream. Option B, meatal stenosis, refers to a narrowing of the opening of the urethra at the tip of the penis. While this can cause urinary flow issues, it does not specifically present as a staccato stream. Option C, ureteral ectopia, involves the abnormal placement of the ureter opening in the bladder. This condition is not associated with a staccato urinary stream. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients with genitourinary issues. Recognizing the specific symptoms associated with different conditions allows for prompt identification, appropriate intervention, and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric genitourinary disorders and circumcision in neonates, it is crucial to understand the contraindications to the procedure. The correct answer is D) small penis. A small penis is not a contraindication to circumcision in neonates. Hypospadias (Option A) is a condition where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis. Circumcision is contraindicated in neonates with hypospadias as it may be needed for future surgical procedures related to correcting this condition. Chordee without hypospadias (Option B) refers to a downward curvature of the penis. In cases where chordee is present without hypospadias, circumcision may still be performed without significant risk. Dorsal hood deformity (Option C) is when the foreskin is too tight or constricted. This condition can be a contraindication to circumcision as it may lead to complications during the procedure. Educationally, understanding the contraindications to circumcision in neonates is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. It ensures safe and appropriate care for this population, taking into account individual anatomical variations and conditions that may impact the decision-making process regarding surgical interventions.