All the following are risk factors for the development of osteoporotic fractures except

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: While African race is considered a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis due to higher peak bone mass and lower fracture rates compared to other races, the other factors listed (current cigarette smoking, female sex, and physical inactivity) are all established risk factors for the development of osteoporotic fractures. African-American individuals, in general, have a lower risk of osteoporosis and fractures compared to Caucasians and Asians.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism, is a condition characterized by pituitary gland dysfunction due to severe blood loss during childbirth, resulting in ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland. As a consequence of pituitary hormone deficiency, one of the hallmark manifestations of Sheehan's syndrome is persistent lactation despite stopping breastfeeding. This occurs due to inadequate prolactin inhibition, leading to continuous milk production. Other common symptoms of Sheehan's syndrome include fatigue, weight loss, menstrual irregularities, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Cardiac failure, fever, and striking cachexia are not typical presentations associated with Sheehan's syndrome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). TSH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus via the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the production and release of TSH. Therefore, TSH secretion is indeed inhibited by TRH, not stimulated as in the other options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cushing's syndrome is a condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. When there is an overproduction of cortisol, either due to excessive production by the adrenal glands or prolonged use of corticosteroid medications, it can result in Cushing's syndrome. Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include weight gain, particularly in the face and abdomen, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and irregularities in menstruation. It is important to diagnose and manage Cushing's syndrome to prevent potential complications such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid typically presents with symptoms related to the thyroid gland itself, neck mass or swelling, and sometimes cervical lymphadenopathy. It is characterized by the production of calcitonin, leading to high serum calcitonin levels. Carcinoid syndrome, which includes symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing, is more commonly associated with neuroendocrine tumors, rather than medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Psychosis is not a typical feature or manifestation of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.